{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366985336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594540","title":"Automatic Generation of Resource and Accuracy Configurable Processing Elements","display_name":"Automatic Generation of Resource and Accuracy Configurable Processing Elements","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366985336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3594540","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034990601","display_name":"Luis G. Le\u00f3n-Vega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-7853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145372079","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica","ror":"https://ror.org/04zhrfn38","country_code":"CR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145372079"]}],"countries":["CR","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis G. Le\u00f3n-Vega","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Trieste, Italy and Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica, Costa Rica"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-7853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Trieste, Italy and Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica, Costa Rica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530","https://openalex.org/I145372079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053274553","display_name":"Eduardo Salazar-Villalobos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1715-4546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145372079","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica","ror":"https://ror.org/04zhrfn38","country_code":"CR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145372079"]}],"countries":["CR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Salazar-Villalobos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica, Costa Rica"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1715-4546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica, Costa Rica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145372079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080623583","display_name":"Alejandro Rodriguez-Figueroa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6978-4826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145372079","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica","ror":"https://ror.org/04zhrfn38","country_code":"CR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145372079"]}],"countries":["CR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Rodriguez-Figueroa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica, Costa Rica"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6978-4826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica, Costa Rica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145372079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051404579","display_name":"J. Castro Godinez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4808-4904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145372079","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica","ror":"https://ror.org/04zhrfn38","country_code":"CR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145372079"]}],"countries":["CR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Castro-God\u00ednez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica, Costa Rica"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4808-4904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica, Costa Rica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145372079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3938,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79231033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8480809926986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operand","display_name":"Operand","score":0.6858195662498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6028900146484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-space-exploration","display_name":"Design space exploration","score":0.5524628162384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.48577120900154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47955605387687683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.456163227558136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-level-synthesis","display_name":"High-level synthesis","score":0.4392232298851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4378453493118286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.4306102693080902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.3926410973072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2560464143753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.23053228855133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12739986181259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10010585188865662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8480809926986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55526617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719375","display_name":"Operand","level":2,"score":0.6858195662498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6028900146484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072556","display_name":"Design space exploration","level":2,"score":0.5524628162384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.48577120900154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47955605387687683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.456163227558136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58013763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5754574","display_name":"High-level synthesis","level":3,"score":0.4392232298851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4378453493118286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.4306102693080902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.3926410973072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2560464143753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.23053228855133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12739986181259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10010585188865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3594540","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323280","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica","ror":"https://ror.org/04zhrfn38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487564550","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2002555321","https://openalex.org/W2064076387","https://openalex.org/W2087670726","https://openalex.org/W2091987367","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2172654076","https://openalex.org/W2261808795","https://openalex.org/W2565125333","https://openalex.org/W2604342492","https://openalex.org/W2764101646","https://openalex.org/W2891946740","https://openalex.org/W2896983500","https://openalex.org/W2901312569","https://openalex.org/W2917087921","https://openalex.org/W2931743911","https://openalex.org/W2946444486","https://openalex.org/W2981854066","https://openalex.org/W2988105327","https://openalex.org/W2996011401","https://openalex.org/W2997106510","https://openalex.org/W3006234016","https://openalex.org/W3021804876","https://openalex.org/W3067862503","https://openalex.org/W3094437639","https://openalex.org/W3112948415","https://openalex.org/W3118404249","https://openalex.org/W3128386784","https://openalex.org/W3128824534","https://openalex.org/W3129272413","https://openalex.org/W3131107792","https://openalex.org/W3184606595","https://openalex.org/W3216528298","https://openalex.org/W4226391299","https://openalex.org/W4250640407","https://openalex.org/W4283326721","https://openalex.org/W4285528496","https://openalex.org/W4293053817","https://openalex.org/W4297813615","https://openalex.org/W6894096054","https://openalex.org/W6950206090"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076165488","https://openalex.org/W2135192563","https://openalex.org/W2060022998","https://openalex.org/W1962732207","https://openalex.org/W2040556424","https://openalex.org/W2036272802","https://openalex.org/W1502735891","https://openalex.org/W1981557297","https://openalex.org/W2100744616","https://openalex.org/W3173852813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low-power":[0],"consumption":[1,87],"and":[2,31,63,80,92,165,189,242],"scarce":[3],"computational":[4],"resources":[5],"limit":[6],"the":[7,10,13,29,37,101,104,130,171,175,178,194,234,249,255,259,261,265,271],"computation":[8],"at":[9],"edge.":[11],"Besides,":[12],"approximate":[14,290],"computing":[15],"paradigm":[16],"reports":[17],"promising":[18],"techniques":[19],"for":[20,42,51,59],"designing":[21],"accelerators":[22],"to":[23,39,136,160,170,205,233,277,287],"deal":[24],"with":[25,34,123,146,168,200,228,237],"inherent":[26],"limitations":[27,269],"of":[28,99,106,149,158,198,207,223,239],"edge,":[30],"high-level":[32],"synthesis":[33],"C++":[35],"opens":[36],"opportunity":[38],"use":[40],"meta-programming":[41],"specialisable":[43],"generic":[44,108],"design.":[45],"This":[46],"work":[47],"proposes":[48],"a":[49,71,96,113,140,156,185,214,220,229],"framework":[50],"automatically":[52],"generating":[53],"synthesis-time":[54],"configurable":[55],"processing":[56],"elements":[57],"(PEs)":[58],"matrix":[60,266],"multiplication-addition":[61],"(GEMMA)":[62],"convolution.":[64],"To":[65],"evaluate":[66,161],"our":[67,107],"work,":[68],"we":[69,154,181,246],"perform":[70],"design":[72,90,131,152],"exploration":[73],"after":[74],"varying":[75],"data":[76,125],"bit-width,":[77],"operand":[78],"sizes,":[79],"kernel":[81,217],"sizes.":[82],"Our":[83],"analyses":[84],"include":[85],"resource":[86,166],"scaling,":[88],"clocks-to-solution,":[89],"efficiency,":[91,132,153],"error":[93,222,241,250,262],"distribution,":[94],"presenting":[95,219],"comprehensive":[97],"view":[98],"how":[100,248],"parameters":[102],"affect":[103],"properties":[105],"implementations.":[109],"The":[110,191,279],"GEMMA":[111],"presented":[112],"trade-off":[114],"between":[115],"granularity":[116],"vs":[117],"efficiency":[118,148],",":[119],"where":[120],"large":[121],"PEs":[122,280],"short":[124],"widths":[126],"are":[127],"favoured":[128],"by":[129,174],"achieving,":[133],"theoretically,":[134],"up":[135,204],"75":[137],"GMAC/s":[138],"on":[139,254,264],"Xilinx":[141],"XC7Z020":[142],"@":[143],"100":[144],"MHz":[145],"an":[147],"27%.":[150],"For":[151],"propose":[155],"figure":[157],"merit":[159],"operations":[162],"per":[163],"second":[164],"utilisation":[167],"respect":[169],"maximum":[172],"achievable":[173],"FPGA.":[176],"Regarding":[177],"convolution":[179,188,236],"PEs,":[180],"implemented":[182],"two":[183],"algorithms:":[184],"window-based":[186],"spatial":[187,235],"Winograd.":[190],"former":[192],"is":[193,251],"best":[195],"in":[196,225,270],"terms":[197],"performance":[199],"150":[201],"GMAC/s,":[202],"reaching":[203],"47%":[206],"efficiency.":[208],"Winograd":[209],"also":[210],"outperformed":[211],"numerically":[212],"using":[213],"3\u00d7":[215],"3":[216],"filter,":[218],"mean":[221,240],"11.01%":[224],"4-bits":[226],"operands":[227],"PSNR=16.28":[230],"dB,":[231],"compared":[232],"38.2%":[238],"PSNR=5.89":[243],"dB.":[244],"Finally,":[245],"discuss":[247],"mostly":[252],"dependent":[253],"PE\u2019s":[256],"parameters.":[257],"In":[258],"GEMMA,":[260],"depends":[263],"size,":[267],"causing":[268],"PE":[272],"scaling":[273],"but":[274],"still":[275],"applicable":[276],"accelerators.":[278],"developed":[281],"during":[282],"this":[283],"research":[284],"will":[285],"lead":[286],"further":[288],"granular":[289],"accelerator":[291],"research.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
