{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386517469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594536.3595162","title":"Computable Contracts by Extracting Obligation Logic Graphs","display_name":"Computable Contracts by Extracting Obligation Logic Graphs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386517469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594536.3595162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3594536.3595162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594536.3595162","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3594536.3595162","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3594536.3595162","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033224240","display_name":"Sergio Servantez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8294-0279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Servantez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8294-0279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016933602","display_name":"Nedim Lipka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3779-7784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306409833","display_name":"Adobe Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059tvcg64","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nedim Lipka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adobe Research, San Jose, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3779-7784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adobe Research, San Jose, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026711201","display_name":"Alexa Siu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4879-1476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306409833","display_name":"Adobe Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059tvcg64","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexa Siu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adobe Research, San Jose, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4879-1476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adobe Research, San Jose, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087749825","display_name":"Milan Aggarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6246-9750"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milan Aggarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adobe Media and Data Science, Research, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6246-9750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adobe Media and Data Science, Research, Delhi, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024546524","display_name":"Balaji Krishnamurthy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0366-2427"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balaji Krishnamurthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adobe Media and Data Science, Research, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0366-2427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adobe Media and Data Science, Research, Delhi, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014285077","display_name":"Aparna Garimella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-0686"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aparna Garimella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adobe Research, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-0686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adobe Research, Delhi, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072838552","display_name":"Kristian Hammond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-6685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristian Hammond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-6685","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075098193","display_name":"R. Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8305-2206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306409833","display_name":"Adobe Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059tvcg64","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajiv Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adobe Research, San Jose, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8305-2206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adobe Research, San Jose, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6479,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67771106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"267","last_page":"276"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.770749568939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5713562965393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obligation","display_name":"Obligation","score":0.5700109004974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagrammatic-reasoning","display_name":"Diagrammatic reasoning","score":0.44445833563804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4441315233707428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4260265827178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-graph","display_name":"Knowledge graph","score":0.41956016421318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state-machine","display_name":"Finite-state machine","score":0.41888633370399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4128905236721039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3817697763442993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09692355990409851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08947718143463135}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.770749568939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5713562965393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778447849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2648051","display_name":"Obligation","level":2,"score":0.5700109004974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106624574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270387","display_name":"Diagrammatic reasoning","level":2,"score":0.44445833563804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4441315233707428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4260265827178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.41956016421318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.41888633370399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4128905236721039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3817697763442993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09692355990409851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08947718143463135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3594536.3595162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594536.3595162","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3594536.3595162","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3594536.3595162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594536.3595162","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3594536.3595162","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386517469.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386517469.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1752934815","https://openalex.org/W2068882115","https://openalex.org/W2084944215","https://openalex.org/W2198508096","https://openalex.org/W2779545291","https://openalex.org/W2963829982","https://openalex.org/W2970125456","https://openalex.org/W3035229828","https://openalex.org/W3134765729","https://openalex.org/W3135190223","https://openalex.org/W3153366754","https://openalex.org/W3177813494","https://openalex.org/W3210934046","https://openalex.org/W3213970784","https://openalex.org/W4226325987","https://openalex.org/W4287267965","https://openalex.org/W4287645952","https://openalex.org/W4287890923","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4309954052","https://openalex.org/W4320341979","https://openalex.org/W4380789923","https://openalex.org/W4394659424","https://openalex.org/W6637807043"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3003518673","https://openalex.org/W2243494072","https://openalex.org/W3083799684","https://openalex.org/W4288417689","https://openalex.org/W1588273335","https://openalex.org/W2933723564","https://openalex.org/W1582653816","https://openalex.org/W4233209174","https://openalex.org/W3036486735","https://openalex.org/W4388991336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"emergence":[1],"of":[2,14,41,63,104,121],"contract":[3,64,106],"specific":[4],"programming":[5],"languages":[6],"has":[7],"struggled":[8],"to":[9,19,70,78,117],"translate":[10],"into":[11,36,47],"widespread":[12],"adoption":[13],"computable":[15],"contracts":[16,35],"due":[17],"largely":[18],"high":[20],"conversion":[21],"costs.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24],"work,":[25],"we":[26],"present":[27,99],"the":[28,39,52,60,74,100,119],"first":[29],"system":[30],"for":[31,95,147],"converting":[32],"natural":[33],"language":[34],"code":[37,79],"through":[38,73],"extraction":[40,85],"key":[42],"entities,":[43],"relationships,":[44],"and":[45,76,91,98,110,124,131,143],"formulas":[46],"a":[48,87,137],"graph":[49],"representation":[50],"called":[51],"Obligation":[53],"Logic":[54],"Graph":[55],"(OLG).":[56],"This":[57],"approach":[58],"allows":[59],"semantic":[61],"meaning":[62],"obligations,":[65,69],"including":[66],"dependencies":[67],"between":[68,140],"be":[71],"captured":[72],"OLG":[75,84],"mapped":[77],"downstream.":[80],"We":[81,113],"also":[82],"introduce":[83],"as":[86],"new":[88],"joint":[89],"entity":[90],"relation":[92,148],"prediction":[93],"task":[94],"legal":[96],"contracts,":[97],"Contract-OLG":[101],"dataset,":[102],"consisting":[103],"1,876":[105],"provisions,":[107],"18,597":[108],"entities":[109],"18,170":[111],"relationships.":[112],"perform":[114],"detailed":[115],"experiments":[116],"understand":[118],"capabilities":[120],"state-of-the-art":[122],"Transformer":[123],"graph-based":[125],"models":[126],"at":[127],"completing":[128],"these":[129],"tasks,":[130],"identify":[132],"where":[133],"there":[134],"is":[135],"currently":[136],"significant":[138],"gap":[139],"human":[141],"expert":[142],"machine":[144],"performance,":[145],"particularly":[146],"extraction.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
