{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366493249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594255.3594260","title":"Who Squats IPv4 Addresses?","display_name":"Who Squats IPv4 Addresses?","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366493249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594255.3594260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3594255.3594260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594255.3594260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66039016","display_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","issn_l":"0146-4833","issn":["0146-4833","1943-5819"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072057156","display_name":"Loqman Salamatian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7756-2376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Loqman Salamatian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002708616","display_name":"Todd Arnold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2676-1575"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Arnold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Army Cyber Institute, West Point"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Army Cyber Institute, West Point","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014926009","display_name":"\u00cdtalo Cunha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5756-7775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110200422","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yjw32","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00cdtalo Cunha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055216513","display_name":"Jiangchen Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5833-4180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangchen Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100749834","display_name":"Yunfan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5927-7109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045165255","display_name":"Ethan Katz-Bassett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1030-6391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Katz-Bassett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053580201","display_name":"Matt Calder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5019-198X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Calder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, Meta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, Meta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072057156"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6891,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90437329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"1","first_page":"48","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipv4","display_name":"IPv4","score":0.8107658624649048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipv6","display_name":"IPv6","score":0.6756918430328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5687971115112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5489030480384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.5355700254440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/squatting-position","display_name":"Squatting position","score":0.5231952667236328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publication","display_name":"Publication","score":0.5017693042755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4760301411151886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.43630093336105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-network","display_name":"Private network","score":0.41870248317718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.31975582242012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.24571654200553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16249564290046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising","display_name":"Advertising","score":0.08213230967521667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779233093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11103","display_name":"IPv4","level":4,"score":0.8107658624649048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84555802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551624","display_name":"IPv6","level":3,"score":0.6756918430328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5687971115112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5489030480384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.5355700254440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119971845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2540134","display_name":"Squatting position","level":2,"score":0.5231952667236328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41458344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732577","display_name":"Publication","level":2,"score":0.5017693042755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4760301411151886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43630093336105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117387248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11186","display_name":"Private network","level":2,"score":0.41870248317718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.31975582242012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.24571654200553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16249564290046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.08213230967521667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3594255.3594260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594255.3594260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66039016","display_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","issn_l":"0146-4833","issn":["0146-4833","1943-5819"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322980","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/00nc55f03"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101836494","https://openalex.org/W1498089635","https://openalex.org/W1828175806","https://openalex.org/W1980492753","https://openalex.org/W2108673686","https://openalex.org/W2124569477","https://openalex.org/W2141847331","https://openalex.org/W2142972529","https://openalex.org/W2403165337","https://openalex.org/W2769335860","https://openalex.org/W2772068864","https://openalex.org/W2861050098","https://openalex.org/W2900101584","https://openalex.org/W3044145154","https://openalex.org/W3217153411","https://openalex.org/W4229766664","https://openalex.org/W6643645350","https://openalex.org/W6644077607","https://openalex.org/W6650564466","https://openalex.org/W6654267790","https://openalex.org/W6659520571","https://openalex.org/W6661706350","https://openalex.org/W6662775243","https://openalex.org/W6663706665","https://openalex.org/W6669750848","https://openalex.org/W6672033484","https://openalex.org/W6674516486","https://openalex.org/W6674759119","https://openalex.org/W6677577594","https://openalex.org/W6680720168","https://openalex.org/W6684130614","https://openalex.org/W6719906790","https://openalex.org/W6749286319","https://openalex.org/W6757091194","https://openalex.org/W6784320453","https://openalex.org/W6784942416","https://openalex.org/W6989522928","https://openalex.org/W7015005760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349428606","https://openalex.org/W2360869876","https://openalex.org/W3004929566","https://openalex.org/W1849784828","https://openalex.org/W2374277641","https://openalex.org/W2391251019","https://openalex.org/W2791057254","https://openalex.org/W4241708343","https://openalex.org/W2347589432","https://openalex.org/W1572473052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"mitigate":[1],"IPv4":[2,15,24,42,79],"exhaustion,":[3],"IPv6":[4],"provides":[5],"expanded":[6],"address":[7,16,25,80],"space,":[8],"and":[9,105,129],"NAT":[10,29],"allows":[11],"a":[12,69,153],"single":[13],"public":[14,78],"to":[17,52,64,83,89,116,149,173,176],"suffice":[18],"for":[19,76,178],"many":[20],"devices":[21],"assigned":[22],"private":[23,41],"space.":[26,146,180],"Even":[27],"though":[28],"has":[30],"greatly":[31],"extended":[32],"the":[33,71,90,133],"shelf-life":[34],"of":[35,60,94,114,119,136,156],"IPv4,":[36],"some":[37],"networks":[38,62],"need":[39],"more":[40],"space":[43,67],"than":[44],"what":[45,130,141],"is":[46,97],"officially":[47],"allocated":[48,82],"by":[49],"IANA":[50],"due":[51],"their":[53],"size":[54],"and/or":[55],"network":[56,72],"management":[57],"practices.":[58],"Some":[59],"these":[61],"resort":[63],"using":[65,127],"squat":[66,145,179],",":[68],"term":[70],"operations":[73],"community":[74],"uses":[75],"large":[77],"blocks":[81],"organizations":[84,120],"but":[85],"historically":[86],"never":[87],"announced":[88],"Internet.":[91],"While":[92],"squatting":[93,163],"IP":[95],"addresses":[96],"an":[98],"open":[99],"secret,":[100],"it":[101,128],"introduces":[102],"ethical,":[103],"legal,":[104],"technical":[106],"problems.":[107],"In":[108,147],"this":[109],"work":[110],"we":[111,170],"examine":[112,123],"billions":[113],"traceroutes":[115],"identify":[117],"thousands":[118],"squatting.":[121],"We":[122],"how":[124],"they":[125],"are":[126],"happened":[131],"when":[132],"US":[134],"Department":[135],"Defense":[137],"suddenly":[138],"started":[139],"announcing":[140],"had":[142],"traditionally":[143],"been":[144],"addition":[148],"shining":[150],"light":[151],"on":[152],"dirty":[154],"secret":[155],"operational":[157],"practices,":[158],"our":[159],"paper":[160],"shows":[161],"that":[162],"distorts":[164],"common":[165],"Internet":[166],"measurement":[167],"methodologies,":[168],"which":[169],"argue":[171],"have":[172],"be":[174],"re-examined":[175],"account":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}