{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380320234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594083","title":"An Empirical Analysis of Racial Categories in the Algorithmic Fairness Literature","display_name":"An Empirical Analysis of Racial Categories in the Algorithmic Fairness Literature","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380320234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3593013.3594083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594083","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.06607","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003224076","display_name":"Amina A. Abdu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9505-439X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amina A. Abdu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024537982","display_name":"Irene V. Pasquetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2790-0629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irene V. Pasquetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045620226","display_name":"Abigail Z. Jacobs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6452-4386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abigail Z. Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003224076"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6208,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94219485,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1324","last_page":"1333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.8798099756240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"Race (biology)","score":0.64508056640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.5059687495231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48192930221557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.4737204909324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.4287247657775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.35856711864471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.34362542629241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.29807376861572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.24934759736061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.20821398496627808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.18410804867744446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.8798099756240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.64508056640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5059687495231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48192930221557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4737204909324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4287247657775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.35856711864471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.34362542629241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.29807376861572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24934759736061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20821398496627808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18410804867744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3593013.3594083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594083","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2309.06607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2309.06607","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.06607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2309.06607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2309.06607","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.06607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380320234.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380320234.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W377384883","https://openalex.org/W1483209340","https://openalex.org/W1526819412","https://openalex.org/W1976010233","https://openalex.org/W1981438540","https://openalex.org/W2053319122","https://openalex.org/W2111483088","https://openalex.org/W2217644800","https://openalex.org/W2509529148","https://openalex.org/W2683015584","https://openalex.org/W2902633481","https://openalex.org/W2954266614","https://openalex.org/W2970517206","https://openalex.org/W2992319600","https://openalex.org/W2995006168","https://openalex.org/W3013571594","https://openalex.org/W3029264758","https://openalex.org/W3035885149","https://openalex.org/W3069071675","https://openalex.org/W3095488506","https://openalex.org/W3125306662","https://openalex.org/W3127678221","https://openalex.org/W3133874049","https://openalex.org/W3133893548","https://openalex.org/W3134225450","https://openalex.org/W3135484384","https://openalex.org/W3174220540","https://openalex.org/W3189849087","https://openalex.org/W3207830467","https://openalex.org/W4205667414","https://openalex.org/W4206094317","https://openalex.org/W4206904031","https://openalex.org/W4230414750","https://openalex.org/W4231586238","https://openalex.org/W4242854995","https://openalex.org/W4281999718","https://openalex.org/W4282969450","https://openalex.org/W4283167322","https://openalex.org/W4283168161","https://openalex.org/W4399361406"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944277854","https://openalex.org/W2258359646","https://openalex.org/W2493324121","https://openalex.org/W4234402960","https://openalex.org/W4210958110","https://openalex.org/W2483613126","https://openalex.org/W4210994448","https://openalex.org/W4386824558","https://openalex.org/W4394927648","https://openalex.org/W2097838441"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"work":[1,132],"in":[2,40,90,129,150],"algorithmic":[3,65,91,130,201],"fairness":[4,66,92,131],"has":[5],"highlighted":[6],"the":[7,14,28,45,56,64,114,151,159,182,198,209,225],"challenge":[8],"of":[9,16,47,58,72,99,153,164,184,200,206,211,227],"defining":[10],"racial":[11,154,185],"categories":[12,127,186],"for":[13,197],"purposes":[15],"anti-discrimination.":[17],"These":[18],"challenges":[19],"are":[20,101],"not":[21],"new":[22],"but":[23],"have":[24],"previously":[25],"fallen":[26],"to":[27,221],"state,":[29],"which":[30],"enacts":[31],"race":[32,59,85,100,212],"through":[33],"government":[34],"statistics,":[35],"policies,":[36],"and":[37,60,80,88,117,174,194],"evidentiary":[38],"standards":[39],"anti-discrimination":[41],"law.":[42],"Drawing":[43],"on":[44],"history":[46],"state":[48],"race-making,":[49],"we":[50,82,124,137,157],"examine":[51,158],"how":[52,84],"longstanding":[53],"questions":[54],"about":[55],"nature":[57],"discrimination":[61],"appear":[62],"within":[63,107,224],"literature.":[67],"Through":[68],"a":[69,108,188],"content":[70],"analysis":[71],"60":[73],"papers":[74,169],"published":[75],"at":[76,104],"FAccT":[77],"between":[78],"2018":[79],"2020,":[81],"analyze":[83],"is":[86,187],"conceptualized":[87],"formalized":[89],"frameworks.":[93],"We":[94,111,179],"note":[95],"that":[96,126,139,167,181,216],"differing":[97],"notions":[98],"adopted":[102],"inconsistently,":[103],"times":[105],"even":[106,175],"single":[109],"analysis.":[110],"also":[112],"explore":[113],"institutional":[115,214],"influences":[116],"values":[118,140],"associated":[119],"with":[120,191],"these":[121,218],"choices.":[122],"While":[123],"find":[125],"used":[128],"often":[133],"echo":[134],"legal":[135],"frameworks,":[136],"demonstrate":[138],"from":[141],"academic":[142],"computer":[143],"science":[144],"play":[145],"an":[146],"equally":[147],"important":[148],"role":[149],"construction":[152,183],"categories.":[155],"Finally,":[156],"reasoning":[160],"behind":[161],"different":[162],"operationalizations":[163],"race,":[165],"finding":[166],"few":[168],"explicitly":[170],"describe":[171],"their":[172],"choices":[173],"fewer":[176],"justify":[177],"them.":[178],"argue":[180],"value-laden":[189],"process":[190],"significant":[192],"social":[193],"political":[195,219],"consequences":[196],"project":[199],"fairness.":[202],"The":[203],"widespread":[204],"lack":[205],"justification":[207],"around":[208],"operationalization":[210],"reflects":[213],"norms":[215],"allow":[217],"decisions":[220],"remain":[222],"obscured":[223],"backstage":[226],"knowledge":[228],"production.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
