{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380319827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594067","title":"Regulating ChatGPT and other Large Generative AI Models","display_name":"Regulating ChatGPT and other Large Generative AI Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380319827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3593013.3594067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594067","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3593013.3594067","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3593013.3594067","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021479029","display_name":"Philipp Hacker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-895X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254029264","display_name":"European University Viadrina","ror":"https://ror.org/02msan859","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254029264"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Hacker","raw_affiliation_strings":["European New School of Digital Studies, European University Viadrina, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-895X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European New School of Digital Studies, European University Viadrina, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254029264"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101894147","display_name":"Andreas Engel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7806-8986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Engel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Law, Heidelberg University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7806-8986","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Law, Heidelberg University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048488480","display_name":"Marco Mauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5284-4605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254029264","display_name":"European University Viadrina","ror":"https://ror.org/02msan859","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254029264"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Mauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Law, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Germany and \rEuropean New School of Digital Studies, European University Viadrina, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5284-4605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Law, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Germany and \rEuropean New School of Digital Studies, European University Viadrina, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254029264"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021479029"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254029264"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.8722,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":396,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9903819,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1112","last_page":"1123"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13475","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Law","score":0.9136999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6828071475028992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.675866961479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6488360166549683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.6435146331787109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.5568886399269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.5237289071083069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.5074159502983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moderation","display_name":"Moderation","score":0.4815973937511444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.36552348732948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3408697247505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23513585329055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.22391358017921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.14544856548309326}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6828071475028992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.675866961479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6488360166549683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.6435146331787109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.5568886399269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5237289071083069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.5074159502983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93225998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972","display_name":"Moderation","level":2,"score":0.4815973937511444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.36552348732948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3408697247505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23513585329055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.22391358017921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.14544856548309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3593013.3594067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594067","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3593013.3594067","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3593013.3594067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594067","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3593013.3594067","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323381","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380319827.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380319827.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71237841","https://openalex.org/W568341977","https://openalex.org/W1483501339","https://openalex.org/W1512657555","https://openalex.org/W1541333198","https://openalex.org/W1686602738","https://openalex.org/W1847223431","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W2010030717","https://openalex.org/W2065068065","https://openalex.org/W2487878920","https://openalex.org/W2494768618","https://openalex.org/W2552009582","https://openalex.org/W2974147161","https://openalex.org/W2985203702","https://openalex.org/W3003599720","https://openalex.org/W3013880603","https://openalex.org/W3023989664","https://openalex.org/W3113541070","https://openalex.org/W3114510103","https://openalex.org/W3125041301","https://openalex.org/W3133953502","https://openalex.org/W3152120512","https://openalex.org/W3165571652","https://openalex.org/W3176062169","https://openalex.org/W3176768410","https://openalex.org/W3180969989","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W3191480387","https://openalex.org/W3199938161","https://openalex.org/W3200802389","https://openalex.org/W4213442504","https://openalex.org/W4283157303","https://openalex.org/W4285226413","https://openalex.org/W4285380141","https://openalex.org/W4297816851","https://openalex.org/W4389009536","https://openalex.org/W6600168044","https://openalex.org/W6600185353","https://openalex.org/W6600560973","https://openalex.org/W6601439449","https://openalex.org/W6602915473","https://openalex.org/W6605475740","https://openalex.org/W6607851138","https://openalex.org/W6628817068","https://openalex.org/W6702248584","https://openalex.org/W6730126202","https://openalex.org/W6743235451","https://openalex.org/W6762875499","https://openalex.org/W6780161852","https://openalex.org/W6828071662","https://openalex.org/W6851092083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4395044357","https://openalex.org/W4287117424","https://openalex.org/W4387506531","https://openalex.org/W2087346071","https://openalex.org/W2967848559","https://openalex.org/W4299831724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"generative":[1,45],"AI":[2,23,35,53,102,158,195],"models":[3,46],"(LGAIMs),":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6,118,120],"ChatGPT,":[7],"GPT-4":[8],"or":[9],"Stable":[10],"Diffusion,":[11],"are":[12,144],"rapidly":[13],"transforming":[14],"the":[15,26,48,58,70,74,101,134,149,157,166,194,209,235,238],"way":[16],"we":[17],"communicate,":[18],"illustrate,":[19],"and":[20,28,55,90,115,137,146,160,207,213,220,252,255],"create.":[21],"However,":[22],"regulation,":[24,54,83],"in":[25,47,77,105,156],"EU":[27],"beyond,":[29],"has":[30],"primarily":[31],"focused":[32],"on":[33,51,203],"conventional":[34],"models,":[36],"not":[37,208],"LGAIMs.":[38,248],"This":[39,249],"paper":[40,75,172],"will":[41],"situate":[42],"these":[43,130],"new":[44],"current":[49],"debate":[50],"trustworthy":[52,145],"ask":[56],"how":[57],"law":[59],"can":[60],"be":[61,244],"tailored":[62],"to":[63,99,129,140,230,246],"their":[64],"capabilities.":[65],"After":[66],"laying":[67],"technical":[68],"foundations,":[69],"legal":[71],"part":[72],"of":[73,122,151,168,177,237],"proceeds":[76],"four":[78],"steps,":[79],"covering":[80],"(1)":[81],"direct":[82,162],"(2)":[84],"data":[85],"protection,":[86],"(3)":[87],"content":[88,240],"moderation,":[89],"(4)":[91],"policy":[92],"proposals.":[93],"It":[94],"suggests":[95],"a":[96],"novel":[97],"terminology":[98],"capture":[100],"value":[103,135,196],"chain":[104,136],"LGAIM":[106,111,123,231],"settings":[107],"by":[108],"differentiating":[109],"between":[110],"developers,":[112],"deployers,":[113],"professional":[114],"non-professional":[116],"users,":[117],"well":[119],"recipients":[121],"output.":[124],"We":[125],"tailor":[126],"regulatory":[127],"duties":[128],"different":[131],"actors":[132],"along":[133,193],"suggest":[138],"strategies":[139],"ensure":[141],"that":[142],"LGAIMs":[143,180],"deployed":[147],"for":[148,174,183,188],"benefit":[150],"society":[152],"at":[153],"large.":[154],"Rules":[155],"Act":[159],"other":[161],"regulation":[163,200],"must":[164],"match":[165],"specificities":[167],"pre-trained":[169,210],"models.":[170],"The":[171],"argues":[173],"three":[175],"layers":[176],"obligations":[178,187,217],"concerning":[179],"(minimum":[181],"standards":[182],"all":[184],"LGAIMs;":[185],"high-risk":[186,189,205],"use":[190],"cases;":[191],"collaborations":[192],"chain).":[197],"In":[198],"general,":[199],"should":[201,214,243],"focus":[202],"concrete":[204],"applications,":[206],"model":[211],"itself,":[212],"include":[215],"(i)":[216],"regarding":[218],"transparency":[219],"(ii)":[221],"risk":[222],"management.":[223],"Non-discrimination":[224],"provisions":[225],"(iii)":[226],"may,":[227],"however,":[228],"apply":[229],"developers.":[232],"Lastly,":[233],"(iv)":[234],"core":[236],"DSA's":[239],"moderation":[241],"rules":[242],"expanded":[245],"cover":[247],"includes":[250],"notice":[251],"action":[253],"mechanisms,":[254],"trusted":[256],"flaggers.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":129},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":177},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":63}],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T08:17:42.794288","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
