{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396758681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645575","title":"Contrastive Fingerprinting: A Novel Website Fingerprinting Attack over Few-shot Traces","display_name":"Contrastive Fingerprinting: A Novel Website Fingerprinting Attack over Few-shot Traces","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396758681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645575"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3589334.3645575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645575","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2024","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101562214","display_name":"Yi Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6973-7911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101534975","display_name":"Jiahao Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0073-8801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049774058","display_name":"Wenju Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1815-4258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenju Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yixi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5696-8175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029554767","display_name":"Xueliang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8664-068X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueliang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009896155","display_name":"Xiaochou Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-5652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochou Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400376","display_name":"Xiapu Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-3208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiapu Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101562214"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3796,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94897052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1203","last_page":"1214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6951814293861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5236482620239258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shot","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","score":0.5124076008796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.43840619921684265}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6951814293861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5236482620239258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778344882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278938","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","level":2,"score":0.5124076008796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43840619921684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3589334.3645575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645575","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2024","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567366855","https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W2012210084","https://openalex.org/W2021949962","https://openalex.org/W2027177092","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2108217512","https://openalex.org/W2120702739","https://openalex.org/W2170085959","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2269460187","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2485000773","https://openalex.org/W2593768305","https://openalex.org/W2750023899","https://openalex.org/W2783301790","https://openalex.org/W2887280559","https://openalex.org/W2896133229","https://openalex.org/W2903379676","https://openalex.org/W2910068345","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2963704216","https://openalex.org/W2964602598","https://openalex.org/W2989013751","https://openalex.org/W2998508940","https://openalex.org/W3011667710","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3103367901","https://openalex.org/W3107803931","https://openalex.org/W3132533829","https://openalex.org/W3137807046","https://openalex.org/W3153467024","https://openalex.org/W3155269739","https://openalex.org/W3196647849","https://openalex.org/W4226055875","https://openalex.org/W4249902158","https://openalex.org/W4385080294","https://openalex.org/W4385757655","https://openalex.org/W4386874645","https://openalex.org/W4388460290"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2074502265","https://openalex.org/W4214877189","https://openalex.org/W2773965352","https://openalex.org/W2381179799","https://openalex.org/W2980279061","https://openalex.org/W2334685461","https://openalex.org/W2366718574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Website":[0],"Fingerprinting":[1,90],"(WF)":[2],"attacks":[3,21,56,181],"enable":[4],"passive":[5],"adversaries":[6],"to":[7],"identify":[8],"the":[9,116,120,151,167],"website":[10,134],"a":[11,62,84,100,145,159],"user":[12],"visits":[13],"over":[14,99,112],"encrypted":[15],"or":[16,76],"anonymized":[17],"network":[18,187],"connections.":[19],"WF":[20,55,86,127,180],"based":[22,33],"on":[23,34,109],"deep":[24],"learning":[25,95],"have":[26],"achieved":[27],"high":[28,117,146,160],"accuracy":[29,118,147],"in":[30,150,166,189],"identifying":[31],"websites":[32,143,157],"abundant":[35],"training":[36,102,138],"traffic":[37,71],"traces":[38,46,72,114,184],"per":[39],"website.":[40],"However,":[41],"collecting":[42],"large-scale":[43],"and":[44,50,96,123,154],"fresh":[45],"is":[47],"quite":[48],"cost-consuming":[49],"unrealistic.":[51],"Morevoer,":[52],"these":[53],"deep-learning-based":[54],"lack":[57],"flexibility":[58],"because":[59],"they":[60],"require":[61],"long":[63],"bootstrap":[64],"time":[65],"for":[66],"retraining":[67],"when":[68,131],"facing":[69],"new":[70],"with":[73,144,158,182],"different":[74,186],"distributions":[75],"newly":[77],"added":[78],"monitored":[79,133,142,156],"websites.":[80],"This":[81],"paper":[82],"proposes":[83],"high-accuracy":[85],"attack":[87,122],"named":[88],"Contrastive":[89],"(CF),":[91],"which":[92],"leverages":[93],"contrastive":[94],"data":[97],"augmentation":[98],"few":[101],"traces.":[103],"The":[104,170],"results":[105,172],"of":[106,119,148,164],"extensive":[107],"experiments":[108],"challenging":[110],"datasets":[111],"few-shot":[113,183],"demonstrate":[115],"CF":[121,140,176],"its":[124],"robustness":[125],"against":[126],"defenses.":[128],"For":[129],"example,":[130],"each":[132],"only":[135],"has":[136],"20":[137],"traces,":[139],"identifies":[141],"90.4%":[149],"closed-world":[152],"scenario":[153],"distinguishes":[155],"True":[161],"Positive":[162],"Rate":[163],"91.2%":[165],"open-world":[168],"scenario.":[169],"experimental":[171],"also":[173],"show":[174],"that":[175],"outperforms":[177],"two":[178],"existing":[179],"under":[185],"conditions":[188],"real-world":[190],"applications.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
