{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381328948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589305","title":"Efficient Personalized PageRank Computation: The Power of Variance-Reduced Monte Carlo Approaches","display_name":"Efficient Personalized PageRank Computation: The Power of Variance-Reduced Monte Carlo Approaches","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381328948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3589305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589305","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3589305","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289859","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data","issn_l":"2836-6573","issn":["2836-6573"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3589305","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072218988","display_name":"Meihao Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5808-3131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meihao Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100742464","display_name":"Rong-Hua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1153-8906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong-Hua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030519392","display_name":"Qiangqiang Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8569-6558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiangqiang Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008473103","display_name":"Hongyang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7626-0162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhejiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059652667","display_name":"Hongchao Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4364-0633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongchao Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054991337","display_name":"Guoren Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0181-8379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoren Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072218988"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1125,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.895558,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.8475428819656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-integration","display_name":"Monte Carlo integration","score":0.6773762702941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rejection-sampling","display_name":"Rejection sampling","score":0.675150990486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6368700265884399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6335070133209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance-reduction","display_name":"Variance reduction","score":0.6324087381362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5506694316864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5484269261360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/importance-sampling","display_name":"Importance sampling","score":0.5477844476699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-monte-carlo","display_name":"Hybrid Monte Carlo","score":0.5362747311592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.49067699909210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain-monte-carlo","display_name":"Markov chain Monte Carlo","score":0.488071084022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pagerank","display_name":"PageRank","score":0.4380028545856476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.4338676333427429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3263899087905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25072890520095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.20119622349739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.16621944308280945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.8475428819656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132725507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39879","display_name":"Monte Carlo integration","level":5,"score":0.6773762702941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187192777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381699","display_name":"Rejection sampling","level":5,"score":0.675150990486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6368700265884399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6335070133209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62644790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454689","display_name":"Variance reduction","level":3,"score":0.6324087381362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5506694316864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5484269261360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52740198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1539564","display_name":"Importance sampling","level":3,"score":0.5477844476699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13153151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639846","display_name":"Hybrid Monte Carlo","level":4,"score":0.5362747311592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.49067699909210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111350023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191869","display_name":"Markov chain Monte Carlo","level":3,"score":0.488071084022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779172887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184316","display_name":"PageRank","level":2,"score":0.4380028545856476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.4338676333427429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3263899087905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25072890520095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20119622349739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.16621944308280945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3589305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589305","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3589305","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289859","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data","issn_l":"2836-6573","issn":["2836-6573"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3589305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589305","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3589305","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289859","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data","issn_l":"2836-6573","issn":["2836-6573"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1614471940","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020AAA0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3550322197","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020AAA0108503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391097201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022PI0AC01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5766186352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7033253288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grants","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7554543229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB4500300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7835971171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1809206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8764403337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2241211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381328948.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381328948.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529421386","https://openalex.org/W1990280147","https://openalex.org/W1997922049","https://openalex.org/W2009932627","https://openalex.org/W2019701044","https://openalex.org/W2021272950","https://openalex.org/W2024859348","https://openalex.org/W2039191721","https://openalex.org/W2049028959","https://openalex.org/W2057958327","https://openalex.org/W2069153192","https://openalex.org/W2107569009","https://openalex.org/W2107577105","https://openalex.org/W2161984370","https://openalex.org/W2171774716","https://openalex.org/W2274137191","https://openalex.org/W2311742723","https://openalex.org/W2374439971","https://openalex.org/W2513566807","https://openalex.org/W2612259229","https://openalex.org/W2613777234","https://openalex.org/W2743489687","https://openalex.org/W2766871436","https://openalex.org/W2798750142","https://openalex.org/W2799215721","https://openalex.org/W2803328829","https://openalex.org/W2964164193","https://openalex.org/W2979446478","https://openalex.org/W2983396602","https://openalex.org/W3036981181","https://openalex.org/W3099341897","https://openalex.org/W3105978366","https://openalex.org/W3166042273","https://openalex.org/W3175248537","https://openalex.org/W3210562436","https://openalex.org/W4233775226","https://openalex.org/W4281958439","https://openalex.org/W4298292701","https://openalex.org/W6605363100","https://openalex.org/W6732094259","https://openalex.org/W6745283119","https://openalex.org/W6751494203"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387727280","https://openalex.org/W1979154598","https://openalex.org/W2359872517","https://openalex.org/W2103055865","https://openalex.org/W1964820882","https://openalex.org/W2015879146","https://openalex.org/W4240645016","https://openalex.org/W2121407505","https://openalex.org/W2065756054","https://openalex.org/W4234882310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Personalized":[0],"PageRank":[1],"(PPR)":[2],"computation":[3,16,53,169],"is":[4,73,141],"a":[5,20,25,30,43,115,142],"fundamental":[6],"problem":[7],"in":[8],"graph":[9],"analysis.":[10],"The":[11,35,208],"state-of-the-art":[12,135,229],"algorithms":[13,170,213],"for":[14,67],"PPR":[15,52,68,168,218],"are":[17],"based":[18],"on":[19,199],"bidirectional":[21,136,230],"framework":[22],"which":[23,147],"include":[24],"deterministic":[26],"forward":[27],"push":[28],"and":[29,117,128,190],"Monte":[31,36,64,84,102,120,161,182],"Carlo":[32,37,65,85,103,121,162,183],"sampling":[33,38,86,145,184,189],"procedure.":[34,87],"procedure,":[39],"however,":[40],"often":[41],"has":[42],"relatively-large":[44],"variance,":[45],"thus":[46],"reducing":[47],"the":[48,51,80,83,98,129,134,149,157,160,228],"performance":[49],"of":[50,82,100,152,159,174],"algorithms.":[54,137,231],"To":[55],"overcome":[56],"this":[57],"issue,":[58],"we":[59,111,195],"develop":[60,165],"two":[61,180],"novel":[62,118,143,167],"variance-reduced":[63,119],"techniques":[66,178],"computation.":[69],"Our":[70,138],"first":[71],"technique":[72,122,140],"to":[74,78,155,204,227],"apply":[75],"power":[76,93],"iterations":[77,94],"reduce":[79,97,156],"variance":[81,99,158,176],"We":[88,164],"prove":[89],"that":[90,113,211],"conducting":[91],"few":[92,107],"can":[95,123,214],"significantly":[96],"existing":[101,181],"estimators,":[104],"only":[105],"with":[106,179],"additional":[108],"costs.":[109],"Moreover,":[110],"show":[112,210],"such":[114],"simple":[116],"achieve":[124,215],"comparable":[125],"estimation":[126,219],"accuracy":[127,220],"same":[130],"time":[131],"complexity":[132],"as":[133],"second":[139],"progressive":[144],"method":[146],"uses":[148],"historical":[150],"information":[151],"former":[153],"samples":[154],"estimator.":[163],"several":[166],"by":[171,221],"integrating":[172],"both":[173],"these":[175],"reduction":[177],"approaches,":[185],"including":[186],"random":[187],"walk":[188],"spanning":[191],"forests":[192],"sampling.":[193],"Finally,":[194],"conduct":[196],"extensive":[197],"experiments":[198],"5":[200],"real-life":[201],"large":[202],"graphs":[203],"evaluate":[205],"our":[206,212],"solutions.":[207],"results":[209],"much":[216,223],"higher":[217],"using":[222],"less":[224],"time,":[225],"compared":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
