{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390100354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589132.3625598","title":"Rethink Geographical Generalizability with Unsupervised Self-Attention Model Ensemble: A Case Study of OpenStreetMap Missing Building Detection in Africa","display_name":"Rethink Geographical Generalizability with Unsupervised Self-Attention Model Ensemble: A Case Study of OpenStreetMap Missing Building Detection in Africa","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390100354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589132.3625598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3589132.3625598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589132.3625598","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3589132.3625598","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3589132.3625598","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348619","display_name":"Hao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6336-8772"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Techinical Universtiy of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Techinical Universtiy of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012733275","display_name":"Jiapan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0487-9729"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiapan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Techinical Universtiy of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Techinical Universtiy of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004926829","display_name":"Johann Maximilian Zollner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3742-8468"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johann Maximilian Zollner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Techinical Universtiy of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Techinical Universtiy of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036007312","display_name":"Gengchen Mai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-7309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gengchen Mai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087022523","display_name":"Ni Lao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4034-7784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090314","display_name":"Mosaix Software (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00eakxg05","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090314"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ni Lao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mosaix.ai, Palo Alto, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mosaix.ai, Palo Alto, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090314"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062987908","display_name":"Martin Werner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6951-8022"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Werner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Techinical Universtiy of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Techinical Universtiy of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100348619"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4011,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85516891,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.927670955657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.8330492973327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7274775505065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6023154258728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.5981134176254272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4748390316963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4573920965194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.45229992270469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.4475553333759308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.4405350685119629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.439289927482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4323538541793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3561728000640869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.201450914144516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11000370979309082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.927670955657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.8330492973327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7274775505065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6023154258728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.5981134176254272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4748390316963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4573920965194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45229992270469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.4475553333759308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.4405350685119629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.439289927482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4323538541793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3561728000640869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.201450914144516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11000370979309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3589132.3625598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589132.3625598","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3589132.3625598","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3589132.3625598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589132.3625598","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3589132.3625598","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390100354.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390100354.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990433983","https://openalex.org/W1991145689","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2139338362","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2288352304","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2780517933","https://openalex.org/W2799059904","https://openalex.org/W2913153455","https://openalex.org/W2953303055","https://openalex.org/W2966783050","https://openalex.org/W2982441053","https://openalex.org/W2982748034","https://openalex.org/W2990520530","https://openalex.org/W3011673163","https://openalex.org/W3034116577","https://openalex.org/W3034749137","https://openalex.org/W3036045183","https://openalex.org/W3041549894","https://openalex.org/W3103294617","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3159481202","https://openalex.org/W3172509672","https://openalex.org/W3194059001","https://openalex.org/W3214340375","https://openalex.org/W4206905964","https://openalex.org/W4226456028","https://openalex.org/W4229045143","https://openalex.org/W4280634871","https://openalex.org/W4292198479","https://openalex.org/W4308102084","https://openalex.org/W4309651788","https://openalex.org/W4309651805","https://openalex.org/W4311866298"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W4318823662","https://openalex.org/W2886410948","https://openalex.org/W2025875869","https://openalex.org/W4315652208","https://openalex.org/W2133713536"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,250],"recent":[1],"advance":[2],"of":[3,46,75,89,96,139,162,167,187,218,261],"adapting":[4,29],"pre-trained":[5,31],"task-agnostic":[6],"artificial":[7],"intelligence":[8],"(AI)":[9],"models":[10,33,67,263],"leads":[11],"to":[12,34,41,143,159,183],"great":[13],"successes":[14],"in":[15,105,113,130,164,171,236],"downstream":[16],"tasks":[17],"via":[18],"fine-tuning,":[19],"or":[20],"low-resource":[21],"(i.e.,":[22],"few-shot":[23],"and":[24,50,210,232,259,268],"zero-shot)":[25],"learning.":[26],"However,":[27],"when":[28],"such":[30],"AI":[32],"geographical":[35],"applications,":[36],"it":[37],"is":[38],"still":[39],"challenging":[40],"find":[42],"the":[43,47,76,165,168,219,242,247,257],"\"sweet":[44],"spot\"":[45],"model's":[48],"generalizability":[49,54,258],"specializability":[51],"(e.g.,":[52],"geographic":[53,73,265],"v.s.":[55],"spatial":[56],"heterogeneity).":[57],"For":[58],"instance,":[59],"a":[60,93,110,118,134,160,176],"building":[61,128],"detection":[62,129],"task":[63],"may":[64],"require":[65],"vision":[66],"with":[68,92],"different":[69,72,103],"parameters":[70],"across":[71,102,264],"areas":[74,163],"world.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79,83,151],"paper,":[80],"we":[81,115,149,174,191],"rethink":[82],"interesting":[84],"topic,":[85],"namely":[86],"Geographical":[87,177,185,207],"Generalizability":[88,186],"GeoAI":[90,188,262],"models,":[91],"case":[94],"study":[95],"detecting":[97],"OpenStreetMap":[98],"(OSM)":[99],"missing":[100,127],"buildings":[101],"countries":[104],"sub-Saharan":[106],"Africa.":[107],"We":[108],"consider":[109],"real-world":[111],"scenario,":[112],"which":[114,223],"first":[116],"train":[117],"Single-Shot":[119],"Multibox":[120],"Detection":[121],"(SSD)":[122],"base":[123,152],"model":[124,153,195,226,244],"for":[125],"OSM":[126,140],"Kakola,":[131],"Tanzania,":[132],"where":[133],"previous":[135],"humanitarian":[136],"mapping":[137],"project":[138],"was":[141],"organized":[142],"map":[144],"all":[145],"possible":[146],"buildings.":[147],"Then":[148],"extrapolate":[150],"using":[154],"Few-Shot":[155],"Transfer":[156],"Learning":[157],"(FSTL)":[158],"set":[161],"proximity":[166],"test":[169],"area":[170],"Cameroon.":[172],"Here,":[173],"develop":[175],"Weighted":[178],"Model":[179],"Ensemble":[180],"(GWME)":[181],"method":[182],"improve":[184],"models.":[189],"Moreover,":[190],"compare":[192],"four":[193],"unsupervised":[194,238],"ensemble":[196,245],"weighting":[197],"strategies:":[198],"1)":[199],"Average":[200],"weighting,":[201,205,209],"2)":[202],"Image":[203],"similarity":[204],"3)":[206],"distance":[208],"4)":[211],"Self-attention-based":[212],"weighting.":[213],"Experiments":[214],"show":[215],"promising":[216],"results":[217,251],"proposed":[220],"GWME":[221],"method,":[222],"implicitly":[224],"generates":[225],"weights":[227],"from":[228],"their":[229],"location":[230],"embedding":[231,235],"image":[233],"feature":[234],"an":[237],"manner.":[239],"More":[240],"specifically,":[241],"self-attention-based":[243],"achieves":[246],"highest":[248],"performance.":[249],"shed":[252],"inspiring":[253],"light":[254],"on":[255],"improving":[256],"replicability":[260],"areas.":[266],"Data":[267],"code":[269],"are":[270],"available":[271],"at":[272],"https://github.com/tum-bgd/GWME.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}