{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377997222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3588015.3588420","title":"Synthetic predictabilities from large language models explain reading eye movements","display_name":"Synthetic predictabilities from large language models explain reading eye movements","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377997222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3588015.3588420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3588015.3588420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3588015.3588420","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3588015.3588420","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3588015.3588420","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037694367","display_name":"Johan Chandra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6953-0737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145679","display_name":"Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane","ror":"https://ror.org/04839sh14","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145679"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Johan Chandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092012203","display_name":"Nicholas Witzig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7194-771X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145679","display_name":"Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane","ror":"https://ror.org/04839sh14","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145679"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Witzig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075728447","display_name":"Jochen Laubrock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0798-8977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jochen Laubrock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science, University of Potsdam, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science, University of Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037694367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145679"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0022,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94187411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictability","display_name":"Predictability","score":0.950118899345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7615376114845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.6888660788536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.6779676675796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5912962555885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.584236204624176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5590027570724487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4774877727031708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.46702221035957336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4485998749732971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4263454079627991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","score":0.41020405292510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3278053104877472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.2406156361103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12217295169830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11748281121253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.950118899345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7615376114845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.6888660788536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.6779676675796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5912962555885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.584236204624176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5590027570724487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4774877727031708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.46702221035957336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4485998749732971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4263454079627991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.41020405292510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3278053104877472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2406156361103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12217295169830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11748281121253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3588015.3588420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3588015.3588420","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3588015.3588420","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3588015.3588420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3588015.3588420","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3588015.3588420","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377997222.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377997222.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489614140","https://openalex.org/W1599113270","https://openalex.org/W1974841121","https://openalex.org/W1981135996","https://openalex.org/W1997161938","https://openalex.org/W1999048673","https://openalex.org/W1999364590","https://openalex.org/W2007780422","https://openalex.org/W2030330674","https://openalex.org/W2067359214","https://openalex.org/W2069506421","https://openalex.org/W2077536052","https://openalex.org/W2081709670","https://openalex.org/W2082842332","https://openalex.org/W2108010971","https://openalex.org/W2136525955","https://openalex.org/W2165567129","https://openalex.org/W2270070752","https://openalex.org/W2274405424","https://openalex.org/W2428904845","https://openalex.org/W2480627709","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2616278914","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2725400771","https://openalex.org/W2963085911","https://openalex.org/W2984579343","https://openalex.org/W3083485178","https://openalex.org/W3171355829","https://openalex.org/W4200060991","https://openalex.org/W4200620829","https://openalex.org/W4210813972","https://openalex.org/W4225647542","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4251346171","https://openalex.org/W4288025699","https://openalex.org/W4298144575"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384434815","https://openalex.org/W1701036363","https://openalex.org/W1561131412","https://openalex.org/W2958385752","https://openalex.org/W1981014703","https://openalex.org/W4206950173","https://openalex.org/W2113629050","https://openalex.org/W2186236678","https://openalex.org/W1975214622","https://openalex.org/W2978078285"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"long":[1],"tradition":[2],"in":[3,70,129],"eye":[4,71,98,116],"movement":[5,72,99],"research":[6],"has":[7,66],"focused":[8],"on":[9,115],"three":[10],"linguistic":[11],"variables":[12],"explaining":[13],"fixation":[14],"durations":[15],"during":[16],"sentence":[17],"reading:":[18],"word":[19,54],"length,":[20],"frequency,":[21],"and":[22,25,105,111],"predictability.":[23,94],"Lengths":[24],"frequencies":[26],"are":[27,32,45,108,123],"easily":[28],"obtainable":[29],"but":[30],"predictabilities":[31,107,128,138],"tedious":[33],"to":[34],"collect,":[35],"requiring":[36],"the":[37,48,52,77],"incremental":[38],"cloze":[39,93,106,133,146],"procedure.":[40],"Modern":[41],"large":[42],"language":[43],"models":[44],"trained":[46],"using":[47],"objective":[49],"of":[50,79],"predicting":[51],"next":[53],"given":[55],"previous":[56],"context,":[57],"hence":[58],"they":[59],"readily":[60],"provide":[61],"predictability":[62,82],"information.":[63],"This":[64],"capability":[65],"largely":[67],"been":[68],"overlooked":[69],"research.":[73],"Here":[74],"we":[75,101],"investigate":[76],"suitability":[78],"a":[80,90,142],"synthetic":[81,104,127,137],"measure,":[83],"extracted":[84],"from":[85],"pretrained":[86],"GPT-2":[87],"models,":[88],"as":[89,141],"surrogate":[91],"for":[92,144],"Using":[95],"several":[96],"published":[97],"corpora,":[100],"find":[102],"that":[103,112],"highly":[109],"correlated,":[110],"their":[113],"influence":[114],"movements":[117],"is":[118],"qualitatively":[119],"similar.":[120],"Similar":[121],"patterns":[122],"obtained":[124],"when":[125],"including":[126],"data":[130],"sets":[131],"lacking":[132],"predictabilities.":[134,147],"In":[135],"conclusion,":[136],"can":[139],"serve":[140],"substitute":[143],"empirical":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
