{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4324359915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587936","title":"A Geometrical Approach to Evaluate the Adversarial Robustness of Deep Neural Networks","display_name":"A Geometrical Approach to Evaluate the Adversarial Robustness of Deep Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4324359915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3587936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3587936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.06468","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100322958","display_name":"Yang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3369-6772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3369-6772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100746742","display_name":"Bo Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9189-9506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9189-9506","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025567094","display_name":"Ke Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5855-3810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5855-3810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004540162","display_name":"Haiyin Piao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8519-4750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyin Piao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8519-4750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048052285","display_name":"Yufei Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8716-5793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8716-5793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020527092","display_name":"Baocai Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3121-1823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baocai Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3121-1823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068792201","display_name":"Xin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8046-722X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8046-722X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2608,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61728902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"5s","first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9674999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7420562505722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6902716159820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.6572039723396301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.631129264831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5735710859298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5566608309745789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44845813512802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.08021846413612366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7420562505722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6902716159820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.6572039723396301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.631129264831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5735710859298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5566608309745789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44845813512802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.08021846413612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3587936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3587936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2310.06468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06468","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.06468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2310.06468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06468","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.06468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1076249825","display_name":"\u9ad8\u901f\u4e14\u590d\u6742\u5149\u7167\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u5185\u90e8\u573a\u666f\u89c6\u89c9\u5feb\u901f\u91cd\u5b9a\u4f4d\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4610678510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0210500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8552725528","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1908214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324359915.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324359915.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2594877703","https://openalex.org/W2602856279","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2613144983","https://openalex.org/W2614635052","https://openalex.org/W2618492571","https://openalex.org/W2640329709","https://openalex.org/W2736899637","https://openalex.org/W2746600820","https://openalex.org/W2773726006","https://openalex.org/W2774644650","https://openalex.org/W2786977288","https://openalex.org/W2791953061","https://openalex.org/W2794609696","https://openalex.org/W2795727551","https://openalex.org/W2887603965","https://openalex.org/W2891698621","https://openalex.org/W2895033754","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2904169782","https://openalex.org/W2912070915","https://openalex.org/W2913266441","https://openalex.org/W2944049653","https://openalex.org/W2962700793","https://openalex.org/W2962710014","https://openalex.org/W2962756933","https://openalex.org/W2962847335","https://openalex.org/W2963034614","https://openalex.org/W2963062382","https://openalex.org/W2963070423","https://openalex.org/W2963143631","https://openalex.org/W2963361074","https://openalex.org/W2963440492","https://openalex.org/W2963612069","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2964346747","https://openalex.org/W2969542116","https://openalex.org/W2972986629","https://openalex.org/W2996564870","https://openalex.org/W3034214559","https://openalex.org/W3041804732","https://openalex.org/W3106412272","https://openalex.org/W3135773312","https://openalex.org/W3187541268","https://openalex.org/W3202534481","https://openalex.org/W3213643395","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4220981308","https://openalex.org/W4281644611","https://openalex.org/W4293580221","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4294349862","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4297814571","https://openalex.org/W4299356147","https://openalex.org/W4300511536","https://openalex.org/W4306656842","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6719080892","https://openalex.org/W6737577832","https://openalex.org/W6748965907","https://openalex.org/W6750115476","https://openalex.org/W6784749001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950183588","https://openalex.org/W3080754722","https://openalex.org/W4383221314","https://openalex.org/W3093978547","https://openalex.org/W2953536436","https://openalex.org/W3203790781","https://openalex.org/W4313346231","https://openalex.org/W2738001131","https://openalex.org/W4285785480","https://openalex.org/W2997056298"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2,82],"(DNNs)":[3],"are":[4,19,31,67,72],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"for":[7,57,75,93,101,175],"computer":[8],"vision":[9],"tasks.":[10],"However,":[11,69],"it":[12,108,171],"has":[13,98],"been":[14,99],"shown":[15],"that":[16,136,152,224],"deep":[17,62,219],"models":[18,63],"vulnerable":[20],"to":[21,33,177],"adversarial":[22,65,78,139,179,194,210,233],"attacks\u2014that":[23],"is,":[24],"their":[25],"performances":[26],"drop":[27],"when":[28],"imperceptible":[29],"perturbations":[30],"made":[32],"the":[34,41,59,77,84,88,105,127,138,186,189,199,204,213,236],"original":[35],"inputs,":[36,170],"which":[37],"may":[38],"further":[39],"degrade":[40],"following":[42],"visual":[43],"tasks":[44],"or":[45],"introduce":[46],"new":[47],"problems":[48],"such":[49],"as":[50,192],"data":[51],"and":[52,112,201,231],"privacy":[53],"security.":[54],"Hence,":[55,167],"metrics":[56,71],"evaluating":[58,76],"robustness":[60,79,140,195],"of":[61,80,120,141,203],"against":[64,208],"attacks":[66,211],"desired.":[68],"previous":[70,237],"mainly":[73],"proposed":[74,100,205],"shallow":[81],"on":[83,116,144,155,182,212],"small-scale":[85],"datasets.":[86],"Although":[87],"Cross":[89],"Lipschitz":[90],"Extreme":[91],"Value":[92],"nEtwork":[94],"Robustness":[95],"(CLEVER)":[96],"metric":[97,135,207,227,234],"large-scale":[102,214],"datasets":[103],"(e.g.,":[104],"ImageNet":[106,215],"dataset),":[107],"is":[109,151,228],"computationally":[110],"expensive":[111],"its":[113],"performance":[114],"relies":[115],"a":[117,142,145,156],"tractable":[118],"number":[119],"samples.":[121],"In":[122],"this":[123,183],"article,":[124],"we":[125],"propose":[126],"Adversarial":[128],"Converging":[129],"Time":[130],"Score":[131],"(ACTS),":[132],"an":[133,178,193,229],"attack-dependent":[134],"quantifies":[137],"DNN":[143],"specific":[146],"input.":[147],"Our":[148],"key":[149],"observation":[150],"local":[153],"neighborhoods":[154],"DNN\u2019s":[157],"output":[158],"surface":[159],"would":[160],"have":[161],"different":[162,165,169,173,209],"shapes":[163],"given":[164,168],"inputs.":[166],"requires":[172],"time":[174,191],"converging":[176,190],"sample.":[180],"Based":[181],"geometry":[184],"meaning,":[185],"ACTS":[187,206,226],"measures":[188],"metric.":[196,239],"We":[197],"validate":[198],"effectiveness":[200],"generalization":[202],"dataset":[216],"using":[217],"state-of-the-art":[218],"networks.":[220],"Extensive":[221],"experiments":[222],"show":[223],"our":[225],"efficient":[230],"effective":[232],"over":[235],"CLEVER":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2023-03-16T00:00:00"}