{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386514317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587716.3587738","title":"Multiclass Classification of Software Vulnerabilities with Deep Learning","display_name":"Multiclass Classification of Software Vulnerabilities with Deep Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386514317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587716.3587738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3587716.3587738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587716.3587738","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 15th International Conference on Machine Learning and Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075247026","display_name":"Crystal Contreras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5872-1113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Crystal Contreras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon.com, Inc., USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5872-1113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon.com, Inc., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092769866","display_name":"Hristina Dokic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8414-640X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","display_name":"DePaul University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtx5t16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hristina Dokic","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, DePaul University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8414-640X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, DePaul University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058422471","display_name":"Zhen Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7684-8388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","display_name":"DePaul University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtx5t16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, DePaul University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7684-8388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, DePaul University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005267835","display_name":"Daniela Raicu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-7234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","display_name":"DePaul University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtx5t16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Stan Raicu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, DePaul University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-7234","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, DePaul University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001027068","display_name":"Jacob Furst","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","display_name":"DePaul University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtx5t16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Furst","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, DePaul University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1015-6290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, DePaul University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080703148","display_name":"Roselyne Tchoua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7195-4456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","display_name":"DePaul University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtx5t16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roselyne Tchoua","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, DePaul University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7195-4456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, DePaul University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075247026"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8968,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79955806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"134","last_page":"140"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8218756318092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-coding","display_name":"Secure coding","score":0.6938879489898682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6575605273246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.5521650314331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5469120740890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5391519069671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4849098324775696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.4713670015335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46494853496551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.451910138130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.45036789774894714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-security-assurance","display_name":"Software security assurance","score":0.38415446877479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22136282920837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1686362326145172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.0941249430179596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8218756318092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22680326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444867","display_name":"Secure coding","level":5,"score":0.6938879489898682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6575605273246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.5521650314331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5469120740890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5391519069671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4849098324775696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.4713670015335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46494853496551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.451910138130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.45036789774894714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.38415446877479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22136282920837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1686362326145172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.0941249430179596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3587716.3587738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587716.3587738","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 15th International Conference on Machine Learning and Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8967713864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2153474","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976878954","https://openalex.org/W2004954545","https://openalex.org/W2098010707","https://openalex.org/W2297419069","https://openalex.org/W2360967250","https://openalex.org/W2559935471","https://openalex.org/W2634106992","https://openalex.org/W2795170942","https://openalex.org/W2808279976","https://openalex.org/W2885030880","https://openalex.org/W2912115214","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W2946478404","https://openalex.org/W2956062508","https://openalex.org/W2963447020","https://openalex.org/W2964150020","https://openalex.org/W2969612742","https://openalex.org/W2976184969","https://openalex.org/W3016048014","https://openalex.org/W3049398420","https://openalex.org/W3104849875","https://openalex.org/W3159503568","https://openalex.org/W3159944911","https://openalex.org/W3162364548","https://openalex.org/W3164821363","https://openalex.org/W3175269629","https://openalex.org/W3194439298","https://openalex.org/W4240869246","https://openalex.org/W4283273170","https://openalex.org/W4292055245"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141388993","https://openalex.org/W1978034799","https://openalex.org/W2999607548","https://openalex.org/W2956597637","https://openalex.org/W2293245356","https://openalex.org/W4225160120","https://openalex.org/W23486959","https://openalex.org/W1588942021","https://openalex.org/W4384518368","https://openalex.org/W2155353733"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"software":[1,108],"vulnerabilities":[2,16,68,109],"has":[3],"been":[4,12],"a":[5,20,80,89],"challenge":[6],"for":[7,45],"decades.":[8],"Many":[9],"techniques":[10],"have":[11,32],"developed":[13],"to":[14,35,51,103],"detect":[15],"by":[17],"reporting":[18],"whether":[19],"vulnerability":[21,123],"exists":[22],"in":[23,79,110,129],"the":[24,33,37,65,84,111,122,126],"code":[25,76],"of":[26,30,39,67,75,88,107,125],"software.":[27],"But":[28],"few":[29],"them":[31],"capability":[34],"categorize":[36],"types":[38,66],"detected":[40],"vulnerabilities,":[41],"which":[42],"is":[43],"crucial":[44],"human":[46],"developers":[47],"or":[48],"other":[49],"tools":[50],"analyze":[52],"and":[53,86],"address":[54],"vulnerabilities.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"paper,":[58],"we":[59],"present":[60],"our":[61,117,130],"work":[62],"on":[63,100],"identifying":[64],"using":[69],"deep":[70,97],"learning.":[71],"Our":[72,113],"data":[73],"consists":[74],"slices":[77],"parsed":[78],"manner":[81],"that":[82,116],"captures":[83],"syntax":[85],"semantics":[87],"vulnerability,":[90],"sourced":[91],"from":[92],"prior":[93],"work.":[94],"We":[95],"train":[96],"neural":[98],"networks":[99],"these":[101],"features":[102],"perform":[104],"multiclass":[105],"classification":[106],"dataset.":[112,131],"experiments":[114],"show":[115],"models":[118],"can":[119],"effectively":[120],"identify":[121],"classes":[124],"vulnerable":[127],"functions":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
