{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386515276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587716.3587736","title":"Highly Imbalanced Baggage Threat Classification","display_name":"Highly Imbalanced Baggage Threat Classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386515276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587716.3587736"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3587716.3587736","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587716.3587736","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 15th International Conference on Machine Learning and Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080599037","display_name":"Abdelfatah Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8455-6123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdelfatah Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Khalifa University, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8455-6123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Khalifa University, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082519578","display_name":"Divya Velayudhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2897-570X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Divya Velayudhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Khalifa University, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2897-570X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Khalifa University, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011636952","display_name":"Taimur Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-8677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taimur Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Khalifa University, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-8677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Khalifa University, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009750573","display_name":"Mohammed Bennamoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-3257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Bennamoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-3257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075830877","display_name":"Ernesto Damiani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9557-6496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernesto Damiani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Khalifa University, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9557-6496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Khalifa University, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059512412","display_name":"Naoufel Werghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5542-448X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoufel Werghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Khalifa University, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5542-448X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Khalifa University, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080599037"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3116,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61488834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"121","last_page":"126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7153406739234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6320512890815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compass","display_name":"Compass","score":0.5571185350418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5550928115844727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.5397238731384277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5343780517578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5294598937034607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4782539904117584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4529390335083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4444606900215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.41767922043800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37570735812187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3701109290122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1008630096912384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.07861977815628052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7153406739234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6320512890815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778361833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34735","display_name":"Compass","level":2,"score":0.5571185350418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5550928115844727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5397238731384277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5343780517578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5294598937034607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4782539904117584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4529390335083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4444606900215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.41767922043800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37570735812187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3701109290122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1008630096912384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.07861977815628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3587716.3587736","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587716.3587736","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 15th International Conference on Machine Learning and Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/6eadde9e-a7c2-4b61-9ca2-a502bf44a0ba","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/6eadde9e-a7c2-4b61-9ca2-a502bf44a0ba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402523","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ahmed , A , Velayudhan , D , Hassan , T , Bennamoun , M , Damiani , E & Werghi , N 2023 , Highly Imbalanced Baggage Threat Classification . in ICMLC 2023 - Proceedings of the 2023 15th International Conference on Machine Learning and Computing . ACM International Conference Proceeding Series , Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) , New York , pp. 121-126 , 15th International Conference on Machine Learning and Computing , Hybrid, Zhuhai , China , 17/02/23 . https://doi.org/10.1145/3587716.3587736","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3223458031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIRA-2021-052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","funder_display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W167610629","https://openalex.org/W1953482894","https://openalex.org/W2029071000","https://openalex.org/W2108315410","https://openalex.org/W2150659272","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2331753620","https://openalex.org/W2477569169","https://openalex.org/W2566972569","https://openalex.org/W2811310557","https://openalex.org/W2962767316","https://openalex.org/W2963043051","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963469976","https://openalex.org/W2963673193","https://openalex.org/W2963691377","https://openalex.org/W2964098128","https://openalex.org/W2964286876","https://openalex.org/W2978971541","https://openalex.org/W3009883635","https://openalex.org/W3089683834","https://openalex.org/W3092955400","https://openalex.org/W3101242696","https://openalex.org/W3159022280","https://openalex.org/W3171398643","https://openalex.org/W3189659869","https://openalex.org/W3197924381","https://openalex.org/W4226058811","https://openalex.org/W4250396070","https://openalex.org/W4282556494","https://openalex.org/W4282598047","https://openalex.org/W4308238326","https://openalex.org/W4393608222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2206872286","https://openalex.org/W2382913035","https://openalex.org/W2113447385","https://openalex.org/W2391335452","https://openalex.org/W2360876323","https://openalex.org/W2122695655","https://openalex.org/W2109954054","https://openalex.org/W2642723128","https://openalex.org/W1970764900","https://openalex.org/W2366280361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recognizing":[0],"threats":[1,43],"in":[2,16,30,34,96,160],"baggage":[3,42,103],"X-ray":[4],"scans":[5],"is":[6,52,130,147,193],"one":[7],"of":[8,41,87,136,162,181,189],"the":[9,28,35,39,46,57,85,97,114,123,133,140,158,170,175,187,194],"most":[10,47],"crucial":[11],"tasks":[12],"for":[13,205],"ensuring":[14],"safety":[15],"high-risk":[17],"areas,":[18],"including":[19],"airports,":[20],"shopping":[21],"malls,":[22],"and":[23,54,139,153,166,183],"cargoes,":[24],"radiograph.":[25],"Due":[26],"to":[27,74,101,121],"rise":[29],"terrorist":[31],"activity,":[32],"particularly":[33],"previous":[36],"two":[37,150],"decades,":[38],"identification":[40],"has":[44,173],"received":[45],"attention.":[48],"Nevertheless,":[49],"this":[50,192],"process":[51],"time-consuming":[53],"restricted":[55],"by":[56,164,178],"security":[58],"officer\u2019s":[59],"inspection":[60],"capabilities.":[61],"To":[62,186],"overcome":[63],"this,":[64],"several":[65],"frameworks":[66,177],"based":[67,131],"on":[68,132,149],"deep":[69],"learning":[70,138],"have":[71],"been":[72],"suggested":[73,145],"effectively":[75],"detect":[76],"contraband":[77],"items.":[78],"However,":[79],"these":[80],"approaches":[81],"primarily":[82],"suffer":[83],"from":[84],"issue":[86],"class":[88,124],"imbalance,":[89],"where":[90,155],"prohibited":[91],"objects":[92],"are":[93],"rarely":[94],"seen":[95],"real":[98],"world":[99],"compared":[100],"harmless":[102],"content.":[104],"This":[105,126],"paper":[106],"proposes":[107],"a":[108,201],"novel":[109,115],"classification":[110,197],"network":[111],"optimized":[112],"with":[113,200],"compound":[116,202],"balanced":[117],"affinity":[118],"loss":[119,128,203],"function":[120,129,204],"address":[122],"imbalance.":[125],"proposed":[127,171],"synergic":[134],"integration":[135],"max-margin":[137],"effective":[141],"sample":[142],"representation.":[143],"The":[144],"method":[146],"tested":[148],"datasets,":[151],"COMPASS-XP":[152],"SIXray,":[154],"it":[156],"outperforms":[157],"state-of-the-art":[159],"terms":[161],"F1-score":[163],"2.55%":[165],"2.52%,":[167],"respectively.":[168,185],"Also,":[169],"approach":[172],"surpassed":[174],"existing":[176],"attaining":[179],"accuracy":[180],"89.16%":[182],"70.31%,":[184],"best":[188],"our":[190],"knowledge,":[191],"first":[195],"contour-driven":[196],"framework":[198],"injected":[199],"highly":[206],"imbalanced":[207],"threat":[208],"classification.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}