{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327594616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587155","title":"Toward Understanding Deep Learning Framework Bugs","display_name":"Toward Understanding Deep Learning Framework Bugs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327594616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3587155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365555","display_name":"Junjie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-9962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101965033","display_name":"Yihua Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9621-0878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihua Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056795788","display_name":"Qingchao Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6128-2123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingchao Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044689090","display_name":"Jiajun Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-6572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajun Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034242853","display_name":"Shuochuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3409-8275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuochuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100365555"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.8296,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99425916,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.8973572850227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8288102149963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality-assurance","display_name":"Software quality assurance","score":0.7133984565734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5216560363769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.48445773124694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.43674778938293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4154696464538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-cause","display_name":"Root cause","score":0.41036808490753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3541557788848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3225793242454529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.3136236071586609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.2774020731449127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2003629505634308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.13664290308952332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.1013975739479065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.8973572850227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8288102149963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776969324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q613918","display_name":"Software quality assurance","level":5,"score":0.7133984565734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5216560363769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.48445773124694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.43674778938293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4154696464538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.41036808490753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3541557788848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3225793242454529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.3136236071586609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2774020731449127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2003629505634308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.13664290308952332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.1013975739479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3587155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4072175741","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002256, 62232001, and 62202324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G578482884","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6061973920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62232001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7417493327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002256, 62232001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555168845","https://openalex.org/W2033890725","https://openalex.org/W2072736957","https://openalex.org/W2099855131","https://openalex.org/W2101161997","https://openalex.org/W2109156518","https://openalex.org/W2119112357","https://openalex.org/W2170224888","https://openalex.org/W2405678927","https://openalex.org/W2602856279","https://openalex.org/W2604348044","https://openalex.org/W2794992746","https://openalex.org/W2795249023","https://openalex.org/W2799640043","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2850992922","https://openalex.org/W2911270308","https://openalex.org/W2911756254","https://openalex.org/W2912671384","https://openalex.org/W2954629067","https://openalex.org/W2955991060","https://openalex.org/W2957905354","https://openalex.org/W2958722695","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2963900765","https://openalex.org/W2968594320","https://openalex.org/W2999072931","https://openalex.org/W3035447285","https://openalex.org/W3041012898","https://openalex.org/W3088735455","https://openalex.org/W3090561201","https://openalex.org/W3090643686","https://openalex.org/W3090797304","https://openalex.org/W3104663419","https://openalex.org/W3144874349","https://openalex.org/W3149582851","https://openalex.org/W3169424470","https://openalex.org/W3177562315","https://openalex.org/W3195618452","https://openalex.org/W3196239222","https://openalex.org/W3199980055","https://openalex.org/W3213564796","https://openalex.org/W4214512383","https://openalex.org/W4255944548","https://openalex.org/W4285356139","https://openalex.org/W4285490440","https://openalex.org/W4300858789","https://openalex.org/W4313547562","https://openalex.org/W4313563424","https://openalex.org/W4313563818","https://openalex.org/W4381053704","https://openalex.org/W4384302763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111708921","https://openalex.org/W2740264376","https://openalex.org/W4206999239","https://openalex.org/W2900719967","https://openalex.org/W4388482952","https://openalex.org/W2161928627","https://openalex.org/W2786113878","https://openalex.org/W2787155073","https://openalex.org/W2517159955","https://openalex.org/W2727867943"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"DL":[0,8,24,42,49,87,103,112,136,145,159],"frameworks":[1,88],"are":[2],"the":[3,19,36,46,75,97,132,140,168,194,203],"basis":[4],"of":[5,22,40,48,102,135,143,154,205],"constructing":[6],"all":[7],"programs":[9],"and":[10,12,38,66,85,93,100,139,149,163,172,188],"models,":[11],"thus":[13],"their":[14],"bugs":[15,51,81,105,138,192],"could":[16],"lead":[17],"to":[18,185],"unexpected":[20],"behaviors":[21],"any":[23],"program":[25],"or":[26],"model":[27],"relying":[28],"on":[29,79,167,193],"them.":[30],"Such":[31],"a":[32,53,152,174,199],"wide":[33],"effect":[34],"demonstrates":[35],"necessity":[37],"importance":[39],"guaranteeing":[41],"frameworks\u2019":[43],"quality.":[44],"Understanding":[45],"characteristics":[47],"framework":[50,104,137,146,160,197],"is":[52,183],"fundamental":[54],"step":[55],"for":[56,131,157],"this":[57,71],"quality":[58],"assurance":[59],"task,":[60],"facilitating":[61],"designing":[62],"effective":[63,187],"bug":[64,161],"detection":[65,162],"debugging":[67],"approaches.":[68],"Hence,":[69],"in":[70,198],"work,":[72],"we":[73,126,170],"conduct":[74],"most":[76],"large-scale":[77],"study":[78],"1,000":[80],"from":[82,111],"four":[83],"popular":[84],"diverse":[86],"(i.e.,":[89],"TensorFlow,":[90],"PyTorch,":[91],"MXNet,":[92],"DL4J).":[94],"By":[95],"analyzing":[96],"root":[98],"causes":[99],"symptoms":[101],"associated":[106],"with":[107],"five":[108],"components":[109],"decomposed":[110],"frameworks,":[113],"as":[114,116],"well":[115],"measuring":[117],"test":[118],"coverage":[119],"achieved":[120],"by":[121],"three":[122,190],"state-of-the-art":[123],"testing":[124,147,177],"techniques,":[125],"obtain":[127],"12":[128],"major":[129],"findings":[130],"comprehensive":[133],"understanding":[134],"current":[141],"status":[142],"existing":[144],"practice,":[148],"then":[150],"provide":[151],"series":[153],"actionable":[155],"guidelines":[156],"better":[158],"debugging.":[164],"Finally,":[165],"based":[166],"guidelines,":[169],"design":[171],"implement":[173],"prototype":[175],"DL-framework":[176],"tool,":[178],"called":[179],"TenFuzz":[180],",":[181],"which":[182],"evaluated":[184],"be":[186],"finds":[189],"unknown":[191],"latest":[195],"TensorFlow":[196],"preliminary":[200],"study,":[201],"indicating":[202],"significance":[204],"our":[206],"guidelines.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
