{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385585329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587135.3592203","title":"Fractal Ledger","display_name":"Fractal Ledger","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385585329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587135.3592203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3587135.3592203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587135.3592203","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3587135.3592203","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3587135.3592203","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029892140","display_name":"Tong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3486-036X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802624667","display_name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science","ror":"https://ror.org/046n57345","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802624667"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Zhongke Jingge Technologies Co., Ltd., Hefei China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3486-036X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Zhongke Jingge Technologies Co., Ltd., Hefei China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802624667","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082018614","display_name":"He Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2646-7306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802624667","display_name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science","ror":"https://ror.org/046n57345","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802624667"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2646-7306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802624667","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108303492","display_name":"Nianzu Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802624667","display_name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science","ror":"https://ror.org/046n57345","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802624667"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nianzu Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0634-3015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802624667","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659381","display_name":"Bin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9171-5743"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Zhongke Jingge, Technologies Co., Ltd., Hefei China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9171-5743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Zhongke Jingge, Technologies Co., Ltd., Hefei China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102027438","display_name":"Xiaofeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2091-6588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802624667","display_name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science","ror":"https://ror.org/046n57345","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802624667"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2091-6588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802624667","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102760930","display_name":"Jinmao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6368-7757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802624667","display_name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science","ror":"https://ror.org/046n57345","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802624667"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinlin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6368-7757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802624667","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029892140"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802624667"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4443,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67478461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8015327453613281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal","display_name":"Fractal","score":0.7840627431869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6987547874450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.49960803985595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.4785900115966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.44358229637145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossless-compression","display_name":"Lossless compression","score":0.41995272040367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4034516513347626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.38830628991127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3161822259426117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17785826325416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.17120322585105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.1675836741924286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8015327453613281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40636538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81392","display_name":"Fractal","level":2,"score":0.7840627431869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6987547874450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.49960803985595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.4785900115966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.44358229637145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81081738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55542","display_name":"Lossless compression","level":3,"score":0.41995272040367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4034516513347626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38830628991127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3161822259426117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17785826325416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.17120322585105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.1675836741924286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3587135.3592203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587135.3592203","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3587135.3592203","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3587135.3592203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587135.3592203","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3587135.3592203","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385585329.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385585329.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2518442155","https://openalex.org/W2584364557","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2799891711","https://openalex.org/W2917183287","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2952871880","https://openalex.org/W2971569867","https://openalex.org/W2982520874","https://openalex.org/W3000406123","https://openalex.org/W3020831689","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3172113147","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4290981189","https://openalex.org/W6675692801","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6728685992","https://openalex.org/W6764634304","https://openalex.org/W6787143948"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W3160375675","https://openalex.org/W332578827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scalability":[0],"is":[1,44,73],"often":[2],"considered":[3],"the":[4,22,65,96,112,136],"\"Achilles'":[5],"heel\"":[6],"of":[7,75,89,98,101,124,138],"blockchain":[8,60],"technology.":[9],"With":[10],"a":[11,58,68,120],"traditional":[12],"chain-based":[13],"structure,":[14],"blocks":[15],"cannot":[16],"be":[17],"generated":[18],"concurrently,":[19],"thus":[20],"limiting":[21],"throughput":[23],"and":[24,82,87,103,108,119,144],"slowing":[25],"transaction":[26],"confirmation.":[27],"Recently":[28],"emerged":[29],"graph-based":[30],"blockchains":[31,102],"generally":[32],"excel":[33],"in":[34,40,67,106,141],"on-chain":[35,126],"performance":[36],"but":[37],"are":[38],"weaker":[39],"structural":[41],"flexibility,":[42],"which":[43],"essential":[45],"for":[46,115,129],"off-chain":[47],"or":[48],"cross-chain":[49],"scaling.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"Fractal":[56,71,92,139],"Ledger,":[57],"novel":[59],"model":[61],"to":[62],"scale":[63],"out":[64],"ledger":[66],"fractal":[69,76,90],"manner.":[70],"Ledger":[72,93,140],"comprised":[74],"units":[77],"that":[78],"synthesize":[79],"both":[80,99],"chain":[81],"graph":[83],"structure.":[84],"Through":[85],"conversions":[86],"interactions":[88],"units,":[91],"can":[94],"share":[95],"advantages":[97],"types":[100],"offer":[104],"scalability":[105,118],"structure":[107,117,143],"storage.":[109],"We":[110],"introduce":[111],"deduction":[113],"mechanisms":[114],"flexible":[116],"three-directional":[121],"folding":[122],"scheme":[123],"lossless":[125],"data":[127],"compression":[128],"storage":[130,145],"scalability.":[131,146],"Our":[132],"experimental":[133],"results":[134],"reveal":[135],"effectiveness":[137],"enhancing":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2023-08-05T00:00:00"}