{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380479530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3585088.3593869","title":"Using fNIRS To Understand Adults\u2019 Empathy for Children in AI and Cybersecurity Scenarios","display_name":"Using fNIRS To Understand Adults\u2019 Empathy for Children in AI and Cybersecurity Scenarios","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380479530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3585088.3593869"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3585088.3593869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3585088.3593869","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 22nd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002997889","display_name":"Mohsena Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3176-5489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsena Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3176-5489","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060748453","display_name":"Genevi\u00e8ve Patterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-2616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Genevieve Patterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Denver, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-2616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Denver, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085017149","display_name":"Zachary Kilhoffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7623-0135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary Kilhoffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7623-0135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092153190","display_name":"Xu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3928-8227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3928-8227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079630797","display_name":"Nolan Robert Brady","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0863-3659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nolan Brady","raw_affiliation_strings":["BAIC Lab, University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0863-3659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BAIC Lab, University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075727434","display_name":"Anna L. Rahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1360-9507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Rahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1360-9507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092153191","display_name":"Nikhitha Atluri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1609-290X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikhitha Atluri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1609-290X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092153192","display_name":"Violet Oliver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6781-1754"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Violet Oliver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Niwot High School, Niwot High School, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6781-1754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Niwot High School, Niwot High School, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020532149","display_name":"Yun Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0399-8032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0399-8032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065252864","display_name":"Yang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3641-8241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3641-8241","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022565401","display_name":"Pilyoung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9847-4663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pilyoung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology, University of Denver, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9847-4663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology, University of Denver, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070687718","display_name":"Tom Yeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0227-9781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Yeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0227-9781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"630","last_page":"634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"Empathy","score":0.9418656826019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy","display_name":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy","score":0.6911035180091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.658820629119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4794177711009979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4741838872432709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4259393811225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14397114515304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.11533230543136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.1067608892917633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.07600098848342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","score":0.07327625155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.0690593421459198}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.9418656826019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130796691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750537","display_name":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.6911035180091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.658820629119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4794177711009979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4741838872432709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4259393811225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14397114515304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.11533230543136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1067608892917633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.07600098848342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.07327625155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.0690593421459198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3585088.3593869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3585088.3593869","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 22nd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003413942","https://openalex.org/W2060779981","https://openalex.org/W2062620028","https://openalex.org/W2075305541","https://openalex.org/W2100833530","https://openalex.org/W2102968543","https://openalex.org/W2118796430","https://openalex.org/W2126395049","https://openalex.org/W2150422125","https://openalex.org/W2150753505","https://openalex.org/W2150850591","https://openalex.org/W2612186432","https://openalex.org/W2803554436","https://openalex.org/W2955730880","https://openalex.org/W2964276250","https://openalex.org/W2970215732","https://openalex.org/W3010633759","https://openalex.org/W3088319057","https://openalex.org/W3176067521","https://openalex.org/W4206492610","https://openalex.org/W4221022300","https://openalex.org/W4254043864","https://openalex.org/W4296369454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2022249999","https://openalex.org/W2790197180","https://openalex.org/W2321298859","https://openalex.org/W2020597600","https://openalex.org/W2623239735","https://openalex.org/W2914237138","https://openalex.org/W2049690772","https://openalex.org/W1443290736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Empathy":[0],"for":[1,5,37],"children":[2,38,57],"is":[3],"critical":[4],"designing":[6],"AI":[7,60],"technologies":[8],"that":[9],"may":[10],"affect":[11],"children.":[12],"This":[13],"paper":[14],"presents":[15],"the":[16,24,77,87],"work":[17,83],"in":[18,76],"progress":[19],"of":[20,26,34,89],"a":[21,27],"study":[22],"on":[23,40],"feasibility":[25],"new":[28],"method":[29],"to":[30,84],"provide":[31],"objective":[32],"understanding":[33],"people\u2019s":[35],"empathy":[36],"based":[39],"functional":[41],"near":[42],"infrared":[43],"spectroscopy":[44],"(fNIRS).":[45],"Adult":[46],"participants":[47],"(n=13)":[48],"were":[49,66],"presented":[50],"with":[51,59],"benign":[52],"or":[53],"concerning":[54],"scenarios":[55],"involving":[56],"interacting":[58],"technologies.":[61],"Their":[62],"brain":[63],"activation":[64],"patterns":[65,75],"recorded":[67],"and":[68],"analyzed.":[69],"Preliminary":[70],"data":[71],"analysis":[72],"revealed":[73],"distinctive":[74],"mPFC":[78],"region,":[79],"which":[80],"justifies":[81],"future":[82],"fully":[85],"realize":[86],"potential":[88],"this":[90],"method.":[91]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
