{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387847049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583780.3614897","title":"Graph Enhanced Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Goal-oriented Learning Path Recommendation","display_name":"Graph Enhanced Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Goal-oriented Learning Path Recommendation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387847049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583780.3614897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3583780.3614897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583780.3614897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077296767","display_name":"Qingyao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3731-1548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingyao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041791979","display_name":"Wei Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2544-775X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Noah's Art Lab, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Noah's Art Lab, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101476260","display_name":"Liang Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5048-4619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li'ang Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101659125","display_name":"Jian Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5432-7303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043374188","display_name":"Renting Rui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7031-5786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renting Rui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090720315","display_name":"Weinan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-2425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weinan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101765638","display_name":"Xianyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9368-9526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054330014","display_name":"Ruiming Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9224-2431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiming Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Noah's Ark Lab, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Noah's Ark Lab, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001571390","display_name":"Yong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-8271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077296767"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7653,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92335105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1318","last_page":"1327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8335484266281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7891062498092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.5597572922706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5571820735931396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-orientation","display_name":"Goal orientation","score":0.5418537259101868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5136322379112244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.505005419254303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4797317087650299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.42104053497314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-setting","display_name":"Goal setting","score":0.41634631156921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.28433239459991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.17843365669250488}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8335484266281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7891062498092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.5597572922706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5571820735931396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84653758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5575175","display_name":"Goal orientation","level":2,"score":0.5418537259101868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5136322379112244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.505005419254303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4797317087650299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.42104053497314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199027","display_name":"Goal setting","level":2,"score":0.41634631156921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.28433239459991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.17843365669250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3583780.3614897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583780.3614897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1512751310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6217703","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1740426589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62177033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535520578","https://openalex.org/W2154851992","https://openalex.org/W2336384382","https://openalex.org/W2791327891","https://openalex.org/W2905101140","https://openalex.org/W2947092077","https://openalex.org/W2950875463","https://openalex.org/W2962756421","https://openalex.org/W2980472839","https://openalex.org/W3005560120","https://openalex.org/W3007924065","https://openalex.org/W3022822446","https://openalex.org/W3035084859","https://openalex.org/W3104097132","https://openalex.org/W3104946560","https://openalex.org/W3159868125","https://openalex.org/W3161029414","https://openalex.org/W3173331009","https://openalex.org/W4385568091","https://openalex.org/W6795596081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400868993","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W1985560493","https://openalex.org/W2937181779","https://openalex.org/W2386410636","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2145363145","https://openalex.org/W1626977535","https://openalex.org/W4237572413","https://openalex.org/W2341346307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Goal-oriented":[0],"Learning":[1,155],"path":[2,110,127,161,167,215],"recommendation":[3,168],"aims":[4],"to":[5,13,16,54,60,100,133,189,196,205,209,221,235],"recommend":[6,55,206],"learning":[7,24,36,98,130,160,166,207,219],"items":[8,99,131,208,220],"(concepts":[9],"or":[10],"exercises)":[11],"step-by-step":[12],"a":[14,31,123,139,149,182,186,231],"learner":[15],"promote":[17],"the":[18,61,86,92,102,109,126,134,193,202,210,214,223,227,237,241,246,262],"mastery":[19],"level":[20],"of":[21,63,75,104,116,225,240,265],"her":[22],"specific":[23],"goals.":[25,64],"By":[26],"formulating":[27],"this":[28],"task":[29],"as":[30,185],"Markov":[32],"decision":[33],"process,":[34],"reinforcement":[35],"(RL)":[37],"methods":[38,51,88],"have":[39,47,80],"demonstrated":[40],"great":[41],"power.":[42],"Although":[43],"extensive":[44],"research":[45],"efforts":[46],"been":[48],"made,":[49],"previous":[50,87],"still":[52],"fail":[53],"effective":[56],"goal-oriented":[57,159],"paths":[58],"due":[59],"under-utilizing":[62],"Specifically,":[65,179],"it":[66],"is":[67,204],"mainly":[68],"reflected":[69],"in":[70,118,201],"two":[71,170],"aspects:":[72],"(1)The":[73],"lack":[74,115],"goal":[76,97,119,141],"planning.":[77],"When":[78,121],"learners":[79],"multiple":[81],"goals":[82],"with":[83],"different":[84,275],"difficulties,":[85],"can't":[89],"fully":[90],"utilize":[91],"difficulties":[93],"and":[94,112,174,248],"dependencies":[95],"between":[96],"plan":[101],"sequence":[103],"achieving":[105,226],"these":[106,145],"goals,":[107],"making":[108],"chaotic":[111],"inefficient;":[113],"(2)The":[114],"efficiency":[117,224],"achieving.":[120],"pursuing":[122],"single":[124],"goal,":[125,135,228],"may":[128],"contain":[129,217],"unrelated":[132],"which":[136],"makes":[137],"realizing":[138],"certain":[140],"inefficient.":[142],"To":[143,212],"address":[144],"challenges,":[146],"we":[147,180,229],"present":[148],"novel":[150],"Graph":[151],"Enhanced":[152],"Hierarchical":[153],"Reinforcement":[154],"(GEHRL)":[156],"framework":[157,164,203,279],"for":[158,192,257],"recommendation.":[162],"The":[163,198],"divides":[165],"into":[169],"parts:":[171],"sub-goal":[172,175,187,247],"selection(planning)":[173],"achieving(learning":[176],"item":[177],"recommendation).":[178],"employ":[181],"high-level":[183],"agent":[184,195,200,243],"selector":[188,234],"select":[190],"sub-goals":[191],"low-level":[194,199,242,258],"achieve.":[197],"learner.":[211],"make":[213],"only":[216],"goal-related":[218],"improve":[222],"develop":[230,253],"graph-based":[232],"candidate":[233],"constrain":[236],"action":[238],"space":[239],"based":[244],"on":[245,273],"knowledge":[249],"graph.":[250],"We":[251],"also":[252],"test-based":[254],"internal":[255],"reward":[256,267],"training":[259],"so":[260],"that":[261],"sparsity":[263],"problem":[264],"external":[266],"can":[268],"be":[269],"alleviated.":[270],"Extensive":[271],"experiments":[272],"three":[274],"simulators":[276],"demonstrate":[277],"our":[278],"achieves":[280],"state-of-the-art":[281],"performance.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}