{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401386307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583740.3626805","title":"From Tight Coupling to Flexibility: A Digital Twin Middleware Layer for the ShakeAlert System","display_name":"From Tight Coupling to Flexibility: A Digital Twin Middleware Layer for the ShakeAlert System","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401386307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583740.3626805"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3583740.3626805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583740.3626805","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighth ACM/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044609545","display_name":"S. Shrestha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3005-5761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Summit Shrestha","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3005-5761","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107791075","display_name":"Z Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5213-2754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengquan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5213-2754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062732601","display_name":"Khairul Mottakin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1472-2026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khairul Mottakin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1472-2026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101860736","display_name":"Zheng Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-1559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-1559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103136845","display_name":"Qiang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7094-9236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7094-9236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044609545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39089168,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"313","last_page":"318"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11741","display_name":"Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.7240217328071594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6710734367370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middleware","display_name":"Middleware (distributed applications)","score":0.6623382568359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.5530658960342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.5155270099639893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loose-coupling","display_name":"Loose coupling","score":0.4917660057544708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.305616557598114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1808970868587494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1166490912437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.059272974729537964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7240217328071594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6710734367370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169468491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146923","display_name":"Middleware (distributed applications)","level":2,"score":0.6623382568359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5530658960342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.5155270099639893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164100034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1870629","display_name":"Loose coupling","level":2,"score":0.4917660057544708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.305616557598114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1808970868587494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1166490912437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.059272974729537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3583740.3626805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583740.3626805","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighth ACM/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7900860681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2104337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1890346831","https://openalex.org/W2086239403","https://openalex.org/W2767126550","https://openalex.org/W2895370056","https://openalex.org/W2910597635","https://openalex.org/W2910713906","https://openalex.org/W3015632116","https://openalex.org/W3021193956","https://openalex.org/W3100386461","https://openalex.org/W3105635133","https://openalex.org/W3107339103","https://openalex.org/W3163246710","https://openalex.org/W3164800436","https://openalex.org/W4200020389","https://openalex.org/W4200383816","https://openalex.org/W4206916168","https://openalex.org/W4210844259","https://openalex.org/W4214689322","https://openalex.org/W4223528923","https://openalex.org/W4230286868","https://openalex.org/W4283778992","https://openalex.org/W4289886833","https://openalex.org/W4310894419","https://openalex.org/W4311644688","https://openalex.org/W4318224998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392762956","https://openalex.org/W2363152622","https://openalex.org/W2372865206","https://openalex.org/W2036036256","https://openalex.org/W2164522230","https://openalex.org/W2134411611","https://openalex.org/W3100701778","https://openalex.org/W2304156264","https://openalex.org/W2373031661","https://openalex.org/W2081154265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ShakeAlert":[0,25,149,208],"is":[1,198],"an":[2,36],"earthquake":[3],"early":[4],"warning":[5],"(EEW)":[6],"system":[7,26,38,90,209],"that":[8,14],"detects":[9],"significant":[10],"earthquakes":[11,194],"so":[12],"quickly":[13],"alerts":[15],"can":[16,156],"reach":[17],"many":[18],"people":[19],"before":[20],"shaking":[21],"arrives.":[22],"The":[23,40],"current":[24],"has":[27,51],"been":[28],"developed":[29],"incrementally":[30],"over":[31],"the":[32,66,73,88,120,132,135,148,185,204,207],"past":[33],"decade,":[34],"following":[35],"old-fashioned":[37],"design.":[39],"system's":[41,67,74],"tight":[42],"coupling":[43],"between":[44,145],"physical":[45,103,124,138],"sensors":[46,146],"and":[47,77,118,147,178,210],"data":[48,115,171,180],"processing":[49,116,181],"modules":[50],"made":[52],"it":[53],"difficult":[54],"to":[55,86,165,175,184,188],"expand":[56,87],"new":[57],"sensors,":[58],"adopt":[59],"novel":[60],"networking":[61,159],"technology":[62],"advances,":[63],"or":[64],"change":[65],"behavior":[68],"at":[69,131],"runtime,":[70],"thus":[71],"hindering":[72],"extensibility,":[75,177],"scalability,":[76,167],"reliability.":[78],"To":[79],"address":[80],"these":[81],"limitations,":[82],"this":[83,201],"paper":[84],"proposes":[85],"existing":[89],"design":[91],"by":[92],"adding":[93],"a":[94,108,142],"\"digital":[95],"twin\"":[96],"middleware":[97,143],"layer":[98,144],"as":[99,141,162],"virtual":[100,127],"representations":[101],"of":[102,134,206],"sensor":[104,170,186],"stations,":[105,139],"which":[106],"provides":[107],"standardized":[109],"software":[110],"interface":[111],"for":[112],"running":[113],"distributed":[114],"applications":[117],"conceals":[119],"hardware/software":[121],"differences":[122],"in":[123],"sensors.":[125],"These":[126],"stations":[128,187],"are":[129],"placed":[130],"edge":[133],"network":[136,196],"near":[137],"acting":[140],"system.":[150],"By":[151],"incorporating":[152],"digital":[153],"twins,":[154],"we":[155],"leverage":[157],"cutting-edge":[158],"technologies":[160],"(such":[161],"edge/fog":[163],"computing)":[164],"improve":[166],"accept":[168],"trustworthy":[169],"from":[172],"diverse":[173],"sources":[174],"enhance":[176,203],"move":[179],"functions":[182],"closer":[183],"reduce":[189],"response":[190],"time":[191],"during":[192,215],"large":[193],"when":[195],"throughput":[197],"impacted.":[199],"Ultimately,":[200],"will":[202],"reliability":[205],"help":[211],"keep":[212],"communities":[213],"safe":[214],"earthquakes.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}