{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380874342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583668.3594572","title":"BeeGees: Stayin' Alive in Chained BFT","display_name":"BeeGees: Stayin' Alive in Chained BFT","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380874342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583668.3594572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3583668.3594572","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583668.3594572","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3583668.3594572","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3583668.3594572","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059872571","display_name":"Neil Giridharan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2175-2611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neil Giridharan","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041803463","display_name":"Florian Suri-Payer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3948-6725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Suri-Payer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027915780","display_name":"Matthew Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7674-0548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028575866","display_name":"Heidi Howard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5256-7664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heidi Howard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078682514","display_name":"Ittai Abraham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9568-7674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093787","display_name":"Herzliya Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00m6hsp80","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093787"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ittai Abraham","raw_affiliation_strings":["VMware Research, Herzliya, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VMware Research, Herzliya, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093787"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043986860","display_name":"Natacha Crooks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3567-801X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natacha Crooks","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley, Berkeley, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059872571"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9842,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97385393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"233","last_page":"243"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.9006294012069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.8887427449226379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7602993845939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6377374529838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.5234707593917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4874003529548645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4299792945384979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3940194547176361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.3853060007095337}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.9006294012069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.8887427449226379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7602993845939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6377374529838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.5234707593917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4874003529548645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4299792945384979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3940194547176361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.3853060007095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3583668.3594572","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583668.3594572","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3583668.3594572","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3583668.3594572","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583668.3594572","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3583668.3594572","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380874342.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380874342.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003214215","https://openalex.org/W2038345682","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2801811971","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W2969395421","https://openalex.org/W2973068416","https://openalex.org/W3095752586","https://openalex.org/W3132798707","https://openalex.org/W3153702261","https://openalex.org/W3158535647","https://openalex.org/W3183732253","https://openalex.org/W3203603928","https://openalex.org/W3204280976","https://openalex.org/W3206707106","https://openalex.org/W4220853208","https://openalex.org/W4308391463","https://openalex.org/W4312442413","https://openalex.org/W4312724280","https://openalex.org/W4380874342","https://openalex.org/W6767716331","https://openalex.org/W6910491451"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2998727879","https://openalex.org/W4288627412","https://openalex.org/W2911946911","https://openalex.org/W4293865007","https://openalex.org/W4388989619","https://openalex.org/W2773507181","https://openalex.org/W1969740153","https://openalex.org/W4303443798","https://openalex.org/W2145120192","https://openalex.org/W3183732253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"chained":[1,88],"Byzantine":[2],"Fault":[3],"Tolerant":[4],"(BFT)":[5],"systems":[6],"leverage":[7],"a":[8,25,86,132,143],"combination":[9],"of":[10,27,55,129,134,145],"pipelining":[11],"and":[12,19,117,138],"leader":[13,40],"rotation":[14],"to":[15,34,67],"obtain":[16],"both":[17],"efficiency":[18],"fairness.":[20],"These":[21],"protocols,":[22],"however,":[23],"require":[24],"sequence":[26],"three":[28,135],"or":[29,53],"four":[30],"consecutive":[31,120],"honest":[32,98,121],"leaders":[33,74],"commit":[35,51,56,127],"operations.":[36],"Therefore,":[37],"even":[38,95],"simple":[39],"failures":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43],"crashes":[44],"can":[45],"weaken":[46],"liveness,":[47],"resulting":[48],"in":[49],"high":[50],"latency":[52,128,141],"lack":[54],"all":[57,68],"together.":[58],"We":[59],"show":[60],"that,":[61],"unfortunately,":[62],"this":[63,80,102],"vulnerability":[64],"is":[65],"inherent":[66],"existing":[69],"BFT":[70,89],"protocols":[71],"that":[72,91],"rotate":[73],"with":[75,96,109,115],"pipelined":[76],"agreement.":[77],"To":[78],"resolve":[79],"liveness":[81],"shortcoming":[82],"we":[83],"present":[84],"BeeGees1,":[85],"novel":[87],"protocol":[90],"successfully":[92],"commits":[93],"blocks":[94],"non-consecutive":[97],"leaders.":[99,122],"It":[100],"does":[101],"while":[103],"also":[104],"maintaining":[105],"quadratic":[106],"word":[107,113],"complexity":[108,114],"threshold":[110],"signatures,":[111],"linear":[112],"SNARKs,":[116],"responsiveness":[118],"between":[119],"BeeGees":[123],"reduces":[124],"the":[125,139],"expected":[126],"HotStuff":[130],"by":[131,142],"factor":[133,144],"under":[136],"failures,":[137],"worst-case":[140],"seven.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}