{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385188691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583133.3590595","title":"A Comparison of Structural Complexity Metrics for Explainable Genetic Programming","display_name":"A Comparison of Structural Complexity Metrics for Explainable Genetic Programming","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385188691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583133.3590595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3583133.3590595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583133.3590595","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F3583133.3590595&file=p539-brottorebuli-suppl.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Companion Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F3583133.3590595&file=p539-brottorebuli-suppl.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000043730","display_name":"Karina Brotto Rebuli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8606-0754"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karina Brotto Rebuli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8606-0754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074231708","display_name":"Mario Giacobini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7647-5649"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Giacobini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7647-5649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100694882","display_name":"Sara Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8223-4799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8223-4799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056916227","display_name":"Leonardo Vanneschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-3328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83558840","display_name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/02xankh89","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Vanneschi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-3328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9215,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92845871,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"539","last_page":"542"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9501777291297913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.842138409614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.8387559652328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6631190776824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5611298084259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.5175753831863403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5102155208587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45850521326065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4213758111000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3762087821960449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2813606858253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21754750609397888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9501777291297913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.842138409614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.8387559652328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6631190776824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5611298084259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.5175753831863403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5102155208587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45850521326065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4213758111000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3762087821960449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2813606858253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21754750609397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3583133.3590595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583133.3590595","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F3583133.3590595&file=p539-brottorebuli-suppl.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Companion Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:run.unl.pt:10362/156121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10362/156121","pdf_url":"https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/156121/1/Comparison_Structural_Complexity_Metrics_for_Explainable_Genetic_Programming.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402433","display_name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference object"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3583133.3590595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3583133.3590595","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F3583133.3590595&file=p539-brottorebuli-suppl.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Companion Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1759428316","display_name":"LASIGE - Extreme Computing","funder_award_id":"UIDP/00408/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2089664753","display_name":"LASIGE - Extreme Computing","funder_award_id":"UIDB/00408/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5240966281","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/00408/2020 and UIDP/00408/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6143010816","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/04152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G84549046","display_name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Gest\u00e3o de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o","funder_award_id":"UIDB/04152/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385188691.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385188691.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199024138","https://openalex.org/W2009543464","https://openalex.org/W2488653897","https://openalex.org/W2558141709","https://openalex.org/W2567711750","https://openalex.org/W2607589993","https://openalex.org/W2900880773","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2990283237","https://openalex.org/W3022583091","https://openalex.org/W3029464444","https://openalex.org/W3170457542","https://openalex.org/W4205277236","https://openalex.org/W4309730097","https://openalex.org/W4312702461"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2989932438","https://openalex.org/W4385188691","https://openalex.org/W4385957992","https://openalex.org/W2597297359","https://openalex.org/W4229079080","https://openalex.org/W2948863132","https://openalex.org/W4206534706","https://openalex.org/W3165136198","https://openalex.org/W3169068822","https://openalex.org/W4312544161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Genetic":[0],"Programming":[1],"(GP)":[2],"has":[3],"the":[4,22,29,36,42,45,49,61,83,86,143,155],"potential":[5,16],"to":[6,59,63,153],"generate":[7],"intrinsically":[8],"explainable":[9],"models.":[10,87],"Despite":[11],"that,":[12],"in":[13,66,106],"practice,":[14],"this":[15],"is":[17,70,152],"not":[18],"fully":[19],"achieved":[20],"because":[21],"solutions":[23,43,62],"usually":[24],"grow":[25,64],"too":[26],"much":[27],"during":[28],"evolution.":[30],"The":[31,138],"excessive":[32],"growth":[33],"together":[34],"with":[35],"functional":[37],"and":[38,48,130],"structural":[39,96,161],"complexity":[40,97,162],"of":[41,51,85,94,115,124,127,132,157],"increase":[44],"computational":[46],"cost":[47],"risk":[50],"overfitting.":[52],"Thus,":[53],"many":[54],"approaches":[55,77],"have":[56,100],"been":[57,101],"developed":[58],"prevent":[60],"excessively":[65],"GP.":[67],"However,":[68],"it":[69],"still":[71],"an":[72,91],"open":[73],"question":[74],"how":[75],"these":[76],"can":[78],"be":[79],"used":[80,102],"for":[81,120,146],"improving":[82],"interpretability":[84],"This":[88],"article":[89],"presents":[90],"empirical":[92],"study":[93],"eight":[95],"metrics":[98],"that":[99,141],"as":[103],"evaluation":[104],"criteria":[105],"multi-objective":[107],"optimisation.":[108],"Tree":[109],"depth,":[110],"size,":[111],"visitation":[112],"length,":[113],"number":[114,123,126,131],"unique":[116],"features,":[117],"a":[118],"proxy":[119],"human":[121],"interpretability,":[122],"operators,":[125],"non-linear":[128],"operators":[129,135],"consecutive":[133],"nonlinear":[134],"were":[136],"tested.":[137],"results":[139],"show":[140],"potentially":[142],"best":[144],"approach":[145],"generating":[147],"good":[148],"interpretable":[149],"GP":[150],"models":[151],"use":[154],"combination":[156],"more":[158],"than":[159],"one":[160],"metric.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-25T07:29:55.448023","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}