{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319034936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3582577","title":"Green Data Center Cooling Control via Physics-guided Safe Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Green Data Center Cooling Control via Physics-guided Safe Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319034936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3582577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3582577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3582577","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3582577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506189754","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2378-962X","issn":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3582577","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057311380","display_name":"Ruihang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8827-9373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruihang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Science and Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8827-9373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Science and Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025886127","display_name":"Zhiwei Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0341-8213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Science and Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0341-8213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Science and Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007633349","display_name":"Xin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5405-9890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Science and Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5405-9890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Science and Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041572550","display_name":"Yonggang Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-5114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonggang Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Science and Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-5114","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Science and Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040651615","display_name":"Rui Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8441-9973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Science and Engineering, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8441-9973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Science and Engineering, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4386,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77762408,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9312999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6331889629364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/center","display_name":"Center (category theory)","score":0.5860236287117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.5414100289344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-center","display_name":"Data center","score":0.4186217188835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.41714465618133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3612692654132843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3572959303855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2760598063468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2257779836654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11760705709457397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.0895017683506012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.07895666360855103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6331889629364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779463800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222","display_name":"Center (category theory)","level":2,"score":0.5860236287117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5414100289344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.4186217188835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.41714465618133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3612692654132843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3572959303855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2760598063468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2257779836654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11760705709457397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0895017683506012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07895666360855103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3582577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3582577","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3582577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506189754","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2378-962X","issn":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3582577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3582577","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3582577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506189754","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2378-962X","issn":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6986487888","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2020NRF-CG001-027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319034936.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319034936.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1410907832","https://openalex.org/W1970144373","https://openalex.org/W1992919062","https://openalex.org/W2079585008","https://openalex.org/W2101075098","https://openalex.org/W2114519460","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2784465508","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2964229770","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2979476646","https://openalex.org/W2985363569","https://openalex.org/W2988246890","https://openalex.org/W3081016801","https://openalex.org/W3106885154","https://openalex.org/W3109235893","https://openalex.org/W3109764565","https://openalex.org/W3123856535","https://openalex.org/W4214894150","https://openalex.org/W4221003299","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4324265167","https://openalex.org/W6676861605","https://openalex.org/W6747790125","https://openalex.org/W6780559895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W2145821588","https://openalex.org/W2379482911","https://openalex.org/W2645858920"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"reinforcement":[1],"learning":[2,95],"(DRL)":[3],"has":[4],"shown":[5],"good":[6],"performance":[7],"in":[8,61,130,173],"tackling":[9],"Markov":[10],"decision":[11],"process":[12],"(MDP)":[13],"problems.":[14],"As":[15],"DRL":[16,85],"optimizes":[17],"a":[18,23,45,83,138],"long-term":[19],"reward,":[20],"it":[21,64,72],"is":[22,44,134,144],"promising":[24],"approach":[25,52,180,228],"to":[26,66,75,100,118,153,157,183,199,211],"improving":[27],"the":[28,57,110,115,119,124,155,208,235,243],"energy":[29],"efficiency":[30],"of":[31,36,185],"data-center":[32,88,187],"cooling.":[33],"However,":[34],"enforcement":[35],"thermal":[37,103,139],"safety":[38,195,221,240],"constraints":[39],"during":[40,105,242],"DRL\u2019s":[41],"state":[42,140],"exploration":[43],"main":[46],"challenge.":[47],"The":[48,132,223],"widely":[49],"adopted":[50],"reward-shaping":[51],"adds":[53],"negative":[54],"reward":[55,203],"when":[56],"exploratory":[58],"action":[59,121,126],"results":[60],"unsafety.":[62,77,131],"Thus,":[63],"needs":[65],"experience":[67],"sufficient":[68],"unsafe":[69,158],"states":[70,159],"before":[71],"learns":[73],"how":[74],"prevent":[76,102],"In":[78,108],"this":[79],"article,":[80],"we":[81],"propose":[82],"safety-aware":[84],"framework":[86,210],"for":[87,114,165,219],"cooling":[89],"control.":[90],"It":[91],"applies":[92],"offline":[93],"imitation":[94],"and":[96,151,168,193],"online":[97,106],"post-hoc":[98,111],"rectification":[99,112,133],"holistically":[101],"unsafety":[104],"DRL.":[107,162],"particular,":[109],"searches":[113],"minimum":[116],"modification":[117],"DRL-recommended":[120],"such":[122],"that":[123,143,178,226],"rectified":[125],"will":[127],"not":[128],"result":[129],"designed":[135],"based":[136],"on":[137],"transition":[141],"model":[142],"fitted":[145],"using":[146],"historical":[147],"safe":[148],"operation":[149],"traces":[150],"able":[152],"extrapolate":[154],"transitions":[156],"explored":[160],"by":[161,197],"Extensive":[163],"evaluation":[164,224],"chilled":[166],"water":[167],"direct":[169],"expansion-cooled":[170],"data":[171,213],"centers":[172,214],"two":[174],"climate":[175],"conditions":[176],"show":[177],"our":[179,227],"saves":[181,229],"18%":[182],"26.6%":[184],"total":[186],"power":[188,231],"compared":[189,201,233],"with":[190,202,215,234],"conventional":[191],"control":[192,237],"reduces":[194],"violations":[196],"94.5%":[198],"99%":[200],"shaping.":[204],"We":[205],"also":[206],"extend":[207],"proposed":[209],"address":[212],"non-uniform":[216],"temperature":[217],"distributions":[218],"detailed":[220],"considerations.":[222],"shows":[225],"14%":[230],"usage":[232],"PID":[236],"while":[238],"addressing":[239],"compliance":[241],"training.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}