{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387967901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3581783.3612044","title":"Adversarial Bootstrapped Question Representation Learning for Knowledge Tracing","display_name":"Adversarial Bootstrapped Question Representation Learning for Knowledge Tracing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387967901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3581783.3612044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3581783.3612044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3581783.3612044","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3581783.3612044","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3581783.3612044","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058426743","display_name":"Jianwen Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0951-1072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwen Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0951-1072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089230282","display_name":"Fenghua Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1488-265X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fenghua Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1488-265X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065669497","display_name":"Sannyuya Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4926-3720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sannyuya Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4926-3720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010961909","display_name":"Yawei Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7037-1806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yawei Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7037-1806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013955296","display_name":"Ruxia Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3262-3088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruxia Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3262-3088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074111945","display_name":"Xiaoxuan Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6663-5821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxuan Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6663-5821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2592,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93886519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"8016","last_page":"8025"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7562046051025391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.6086714863777161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.6067121624946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.5652239918708801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5602893233299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5547919869422913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5168174505233765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5109617114067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.47171351313591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3037346303462982}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7562046051025391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.6086714863777161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.6067121624946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.5652239918708801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5602893233299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5547919869422913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5168174505233765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5109617114067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47171351313591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3037346303462982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3581783.3612044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3581783.3612044","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3581783.3612044","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3581783.3612044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3581783.3612044","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3581783.3612044","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1618151053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M711282","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1661763918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62293554","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2389244556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62077021,62107017,62207017,62293554","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G253732255","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0117103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3327820475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCNU22LJ005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3399087080","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62207017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3742895737","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022CFB414","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4082215165","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022010801020287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4118685959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M682454","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5131930131","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62107017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7024111847","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62077021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G778185750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCNU22LJ005,CCNU22XJ033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8017608732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0117103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323173","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387967901.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387967901.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562092080","https://openalex.org/W1888005072","https://openalex.org/W1959691478","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2127374659","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2559094423","https://openalex.org/W2788574423","https://openalex.org/W2950764014","https://openalex.org/W2953577593","https://openalex.org/W2955931418","https://openalex.org/W2962756421","https://openalex.org/W2966684417","https://openalex.org/W2980472839","https://openalex.org/W3035442578","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3043869244","https://openalex.org/W3046782012","https://openalex.org/W3094091106","https://openalex.org/W3196754007","https://openalex.org/W3197400233","https://openalex.org/W3205662613","https://openalex.org/W4210707990","https://openalex.org/W4224316526","https://openalex.org/W4285722178","https://openalex.org/W4287888414","https://openalex.org/W4295788921","https://openalex.org/W4307561542","https://openalex.org/W4308151358","https://openalex.org/W4309835971","https://openalex.org/W4312252283","https://openalex.org/W4313398922","https://openalex.org/W6778556382"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4288019534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Knowledge":[0],"tracing":[1,62],"(KT),":[2],"which":[3,79,99],"estimates":[4],"and":[5,57,83,112,160,194],"traces":[6],"the":[7,37,53,94,107,125,150,154,175,187,190,201],"degree":[8],"of":[9,12,32,39,55,106,153,177,189,203,206],"learners'":[10],"mastery":[11],"concepts":[13],"based":[14],"on":[15,36],"students'":[16],"responses":[17],"to":[18,49,119,142,173],"learning":[19,44,97],"resources,":[20],"has":[21,45],"become":[22],"an":[23,72],"increasingly":[24],"relevant":[25],"problem":[26],"in":[27],"intelligent":[28],"education.":[29],"The":[30,208],"accuracy":[31],"predictions":[33],"greatly":[34],"depends":[35],"quality":[38,176],"question":[40,75,85,101,109,114,178],"representations.":[41],"While":[42],"contrastive":[43],"been":[46],"commonly":[47],"used":[48],"generate":[50,81],"high-quality":[51,84],"representations,":[52],"selection":[54],"positive":[56],"negative":[58,89,128],"samples":[59],"for":[60,127],"knowledge":[61],"remains":[63],"a":[64,134,144,171],"challenge.":[65],"To":[66],"address":[67],"this":[68],"issue,":[69],"we":[70,132],"propose":[71,133],"adversarial":[73,138],"bootstrapped":[74],"representation":[76],"(ABQR)":[77],"model,":[78],"can":[80,161],"robust":[82],"representations":[86,102,115],"without":[87],"requiring":[88],"samples.":[90],"Specifically,":[91],"ABQR":[92,157,184],"introduces":[93],"bootstrap":[95],"self-supervised":[96],"framework,":[98],"learns":[100],"from":[103],"different":[104],"views":[105],"skill-informed":[108],"interaction":[110],"graph":[111,139],"facilitates":[113],"between":[116],"each":[117,204],"view":[118],"predict":[120],"one":[121],"another,":[122],"thereby":[123],"circumventing":[124],"need":[126],"sample":[129],"selection.":[130],"Moreover,":[131],"multi-objective":[135],"multi-round":[136],"feature":[137],"augmentation":[140],"method":[141],"obtain":[143],"higher-quality":[145],"target":[146],"view,":[147],"while":[148],"preserving":[149],"structural":[151],"information":[152],"original":[155],"graph.":[156],"is":[158,210],"versatile":[159],"be":[162],"easily":[163],"integrated":[164],"with":[165],"any":[166],"base":[167,191],"KT":[168,192],"model":[169,193],"as":[170],"plug-in":[172],"enhance":[174],"representation.":[179],"Extensive":[180],"experiments":[181,199],"demonstrate":[182],"that":[183],"significantly":[185],"improves":[186],"performance":[188],"outperforms":[195],"state-of-the-art":[196],"models.":[197],"Ablation":[198],"confirm":[200],"effectiveness":[202],"module":[205],"ABQR.":[207],"code":[209],"available":[211],"at":[212],"https://github.com/lilstrawberry/ABQR.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}