{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4317502704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580476","title":"Detection of Offensive Language and ITS Severity for Low Resource Language","display_name":"Detection of Offensive Language and ITS Severity for Low Resource Language","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4317502704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580476"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3580476","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038254380","display_name":"Ramsha Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9504-0368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramsha Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9504-0368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009591817","display_name":"Hammad Afzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-5585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hammad Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-5585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021372130","display_name":"Sadaf Abdul Rauf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0400-3869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6292670","display_name":"Fatima Jinnah Women University","ror":"https://ror.org/009026n40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6292670"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadaf Abdul Rauf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fatima Jinnah Women University (FJWU), Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0400-3869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fatima Jinnah Women University (FJWU), Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6292670"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065396147","display_name":"Naima Iltaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5392-5187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naima Iltaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5392-5187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.079,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94962193,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.9277999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offensive","display_name":"Offensive","score":0.9429394006729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism","display_name":"Racism","score":0.5843117237091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hatred","display_name":"Hatred","score":0.5839658379554749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.5535269975662231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4669218063354492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-activity-detection","display_name":"Voice activity detection","score":0.4320186972618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.32518476247787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.28678977489471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2286134958267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.21298432350158691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.20556101202964783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-processing","display_name":"Speech processing","score":0.17730408906936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.07375562191009521}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.9429394006729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.5843117237091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780617971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160232","display_name":"Hatred","level":3,"score":0.5839658379554749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.5535269975662231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4669218063354492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204201278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332614","display_name":"Voice activity detection","level":3,"score":0.4320186972618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.32518476247787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28678977489471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2286134958267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.21298432350158691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20556101202964783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.17730408906936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.07375562191009521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3580476","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1071251684","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1967011128","https://openalex.org/W2029243695","https://openalex.org/W2032766435","https://openalex.org/W2090655387","https://openalex.org/W2149326172","https://openalex.org/W2156580264","https://openalex.org/W2259779547","https://openalex.org/W2311430799","https://openalex.org/W2340954483","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2502438884","https://openalex.org/W2514840200","https://openalex.org/W2594877617","https://openalex.org/W2595653137","https://openalex.org/W2613977835","https://openalex.org/W2741065173","https://openalex.org/W2741458914","https://openalex.org/W2747187574","https://openalex.org/W2758915439","https://openalex.org/W2766982230","https://openalex.org/W2792441346","https://openalex.org/W2806872289","https://openalex.org/W2887782043","https://openalex.org/W2922580172","https://openalex.org/W2950720316","https://openalex.org/W2963554862","https://openalex.org/W3000571327","https://openalex.org/W3025740135","https://openalex.org/W3099150152","https://openalex.org/W3105113320","https://openalex.org/W3135313574","https://openalex.org/W3162460878","https://openalex.org/W3212777144","https://openalex.org/W3215618373","https://openalex.org/W4205918858","https://openalex.org/W4206401654","https://openalex.org/W4286850111","https://openalex.org/W4287182286","https://openalex.org/W4288413317","https://openalex.org/W4289725992","https://openalex.org/W4293449511","https://openalex.org/W4297823950","https://openalex.org/W4299154797","https://openalex.org/W4299588767","https://openalex.org/W6653321162"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568520348","https://openalex.org/W3214407891","https://openalex.org/W3194113117","https://openalex.org/W3213194066","https://openalex.org/W4287020359","https://openalex.org/W268355439","https://openalex.org/W2967125893","https://openalex.org/W4385323698","https://openalex.org/W2385362579","https://openalex.org/W2380993274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous":[0],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,27,30,32,51,80,105,114,143,156,175],"hate":[3,22,52,60,67,83,106,115,138,144,157,176,202,231,251],"speech":[4,23,53,61,68,84,107,116,145,203,232,242,252],"in":[5,17,54,92,146,283],"different":[6,87,93],"languages":[7],"on":[8,39,134,172,230],"social":[9],"media":[10],"has":[11],"drawn":[12],"significant":[13],"attention":[14],"from":[15],"researchers":[16],"the":[18,28,49,110,125,147,173,200,246],"past":[19],"decade.":[20],"Detecting":[21],"is":[24,98,208,216,243],"indispensable":[25],"irrespective":[26],"scale":[29],"use":[31],"language,":[33],"as":[34,75,184,220,222],"it":[35],"inflicts":[36],"huge":[37],"harm":[38],"society.":[40],"This":[41,268],"work":[42],"presents":[43],"a":[44,278],"first":[45],"resource":[46],"for":[47,239,249],"classifying":[48,57],"severity":[50,103,174,179,206],"addition":[55],"to":[56,70,100,183,226,255],"offensive":[58,136,241],"and":[59,78,95,120,140,161,189,205,210,259,265,275],"content.":[62],"Current":[63],"research":[64],"mostly":[65],"limits":[66],"classification":[69],"its":[71],"primary":[72,153],"categories,":[73],"such":[74],"racism,":[76,160],"sexism,":[77],"hatred":[79],"religions.":[81],"However,":[82],"targeted":[85],"at":[86],"protected":[88],"characteristics":[89],"also":[90],"manifests":[91],"forms":[94],"intensities.":[96],"It":[97],"important":[99],"understand":[101],"varying":[102],"levels":[104,142,170,180,207],"so":[108],"that":[109,270],"most":[111],"harmful":[112,127],"cases":[113],"may":[117],"be":[118],"identified":[119],"dealt":[121],"with":[122,253],"earlier":[123],"than":[124,196],"less":[126],"ones.":[128],"In":[129],"this":[130,284],"work,":[131],"we":[132],"focus":[133],"detecting":[135,240,250],"speech,":[137,139],"multiple":[141],"Urdu":[148],"language.":[149],"We":[150,164],"investigate":[151],"three":[152],"target":[154],"categories":[155,168,204],"speech:":[158],"religion,":[159],"national":[162,257],"origin.":[163],"further":[165,281],"divide":[166],"these":[167],"into":[169],"based":[171],"conveyed.":[177],"The":[178,234],"are":[181,262,272],"referred":[182],"symbolization":[185],",":[186,188],"insult":[187],"attribution":[190],".":[191],"A":[192,212],"corpus":[193],"comprising":[194],"more":[195],"20,000":[197],"tweets":[198],"against":[199],"corresponding":[201],"collected":[209],"annotated.":[211],"comprehensive":[213],"experimentation":[214],"scheme":[215],"applied":[217],"using":[218],"traditional":[219],"well":[221],"deep":[223],"learning\u2013based":[224],"models":[225],"examine":[227],"their":[228],"impact":[229],"detection.":[233],"highest":[235,247],"macro-averaged":[236],"F-score":[237],"yielded":[238],"86%":[244],"while":[245],"F-scores":[248],"respect":[254],"ethnicity,":[256],"origin,":[258],"religious":[260],"affiliation":[261],"80%,":[263],"81%,":[264],"72%,":[266],"respectively.":[267],"shows":[269],"results":[271],"very":[273],"encouraging":[274],"would":[276],"provide":[277],"lead":[279],"towards":[280],"investigation":[282],"domain.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}