{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4316813671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580394","title":"Trireme: Exploration of Hierarchical Multi-level Parallelism for Hardware Acceleration","display_name":"Trireme: Exploration of Hierarchical Multi-level Parallelism for Hardware Acceleration","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4316813671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580394"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3580394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087962654","display_name":"Georgios Zacharopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6644-5200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Zacharopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6644-5200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046297394","display_name":"Adel Ejjeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-8816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adel Ejjeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-8816","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073556903","display_name":"Ying Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5299-4746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5299-4746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088786790","display_name":"En-Yu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-4086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"En-Yu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-4086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088551028","display_name":"Tianyu Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4570-4613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4570-4613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014379085","display_name":"Iulian Brumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0403-856X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iulian Brumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0403-856X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006191627","display_name":"Jeremy Intan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-992X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Intan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-992X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083833949","display_name":"Muhammad Huzaifa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9245-527X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Huzaifa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9245-527X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086111967","display_name":"Sarita V. Adve","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3403-5119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarita Adve","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3403-5119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059017058","display_name":"Vikram Adve","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vikram Adve","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043327132","display_name":"Gu-Yeon Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-9904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu-Yeon Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-9904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026496503","display_name":"David Brooks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0662-7889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Brooks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0662-7889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3067,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87041825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8865046501159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.8704729080200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.7462899684906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6486048102378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.6175484657287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallelism","display_name":"Parallelism (grammar)","score":0.5683250427246094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5538964867591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.5498983860015869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-parallelism","display_name":"Task parallelism","score":0.5467088222503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5289880037307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.520428478717804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-level-synthesis","display_name":"High-level synthesis","score":0.5075379610061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5061036944389343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4982261657714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.450606107711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1414819359779358}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8865046501159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.8704729080200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7462899684906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6486048102378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6175484657287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781172179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853109","display_name":"Parallelism (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5683250427246094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5538964867591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5498983860015869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42992933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691169","display_name":"Task parallelism","level":3,"score":0.5467088222503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5289880037307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.520428478717804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58013763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5754574","display_name":"High-level synthesis","level":3,"score":0.5075379610061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5061036944389343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4982261657714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.450606107711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1414819359779358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3580394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095761111","https://openalex.org/W2147657366","https://openalex.org/W2273440736","https://openalex.org/W2561995440","https://openalex.org/W2581356531","https://openalex.org/W2786332448","https://openalex.org/W2789928742","https://openalex.org/W2798482398","https://openalex.org/W2899202932","https://openalex.org/W2906737788","https://openalex.org/W2915032613","https://openalex.org/W3006559397","https://openalex.org/W3033664232","https://openalex.org/W3106090013","https://openalex.org/W3111157406","https://openalex.org/W3214146924","https://openalex.org/W3215457105","https://openalex.org/W4205808231","https://openalex.org/W4232385523","https://openalex.org/W4242726609","https://openalex.org/W4246166885","https://openalex.org/W4252131453","https://openalex.org/W4286849982","https://openalex.org/W4298020897","https://openalex.org/W4298052798","https://openalex.org/W4308916273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950520577","https://openalex.org/W74409296","https://openalex.org/W2567390125","https://openalex.org/W2003935582","https://openalex.org/W1554644772","https://openalex.org/W305742777","https://openalex.org/W1638215063","https://openalex.org/W2468095077","https://openalex.org/W2154394052","https://openalex.org/W2940653809"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"design":[1,68],"of":[2,27,54,75,89,141,150],"heterogeneous":[3],"systems":[4],"that":[5,85,98],"include":[6],"domain":[7,137],"specific":[8],"accelerators":[9],"is":[10],"a":[11,81,124,139,148],"challenging":[12],"and":[13,34,62,70,91,96,112],"time-consuming":[14],"process.":[15],"While":[16],"taking":[17],"into":[18],"account":[19],"area":[20,103],"constraints,":[21],"designers":[22],"must":[23],"decide":[24],"which":[25,35],"parts":[26],"an":[28,102],"application":[29],"to":[30,36,120,143,152,158],"accelerate":[31],"in":[32,38,42],"hardware":[33],"leave":[37],"software.":[39],"Moreover,":[40],"applications":[41],"domains":[43],"such":[44],"as":[45,109,145,147],"Extended":[46],"Reality":[47],"(XR)":[48],"offer":[49],"opportunities":[50],"for":[51,154],"various":[52],"forms":[53],"parallel":[55],"execution,":[56],"including":[57],"loop":[58],"level,":[59,61],"task":[60],"pipeline":[63],"parallelism.":[64],"To":[65],"assist":[66],"the":[67,135],"process":[69],"expose":[71],"every":[72],"possible":[73],"level":[74],"parallelism,":[76],"we":[77],"present":[78],"Trireme":[79],",":[80],"fully":[82],"automated":[83],"tool-chain":[84],"explores":[86],"multiple":[87],"levels":[88],"parallelism":[90],"produces":[92],"domain-specific":[93],"accelerator":[94],"designs":[95],"configurations":[97],"maximize":[99],"performance,":[100],"given":[101],"budget.":[104],"FPGA":[105],"SoCs":[106],"were":[107],"used":[108,119],"target":[110],"platforms,":[111],"Catapult":[113],"HLS":[114],"[":[115],"7":[116],"]":[117],"was":[118],"synthesize":[121],"RTL":[122],"using":[123],"commercial":[125],"12":[126],"nm":[127],"FinFET":[128],"technology.":[129],"Experiments":[130],"on":[131],"demanding":[132],"benchmarks":[133],"from":[134],"XR":[136],"revealed":[138],"speedup":[140,149],"up":[142,151],"20\u00d7,":[144],"well":[146],"37\u00d7":[153],"smaller":[155],"applications,":[156],"compared":[157],"software-only":[159],"implementations.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}