{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385567756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580305.3599903","title":"Semantic-Enhanced Differentiable Search Index Inspired by Learning Strategies","display_name":"Semantic-Enhanced Differentiable Search Index Inspired by Learning Strategies","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385567756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580305.3599903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3580305.3599903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580305.3599903","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3580305.3599903","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3580305.3599903","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101981298","display_name":"Yubao Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8010-3404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yubao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT, CAS & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT, CAS & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009898523","display_name":"Ruqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-2541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT, CAS & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT, CAS & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088621320","display_name":"Jiafeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiafeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT, CAS & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT, CAS & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015776118","display_name":"Jiangui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-6526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT, CAS & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT, CAS & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102904520","display_name":"Zuowei Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9688-8176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuowei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050255638","display_name":"Shuaiqiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9212-1947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaiqiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054482111","display_name":"Dawei Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8846-2001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029998682","display_name":"Xueqi Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqi Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT, CAS & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT, CAS & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101981298"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2119,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93645201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4904","last_page":"4913"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identifier","display_name":"Identifier","score":0.8765137195587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8119548559188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.6568076610565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memorization","display_name":"Memorization","score":0.5457167625427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.5122219920158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4823545813560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4693855941295624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tf\u2013idf","display_name":"tf\u2013idf","score":0.44580966234207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.4186418950557709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4116593301296234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-search","display_name":"Semantic search","score":0.41146671772003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.26908016204833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.17761126160621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.15213921666145325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154504017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853614","display_name":"Identifier","level":2,"score":0.8765137195587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8119548559188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.6568076610565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30038468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354775","display_name":"Memorization","level":2,"score":0.5457167625427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5122219920158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4823545813560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4693855941295624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81758059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796584","display_name":"tf\u2013idf","level":3,"score":0.44580966234207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4186418950557709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4116593301296234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166423231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1891170","display_name":"Semantic search","level":3,"score":0.41146671772003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.26908016204833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.17761126160621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.15213921666145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3580305.3599903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580305.3599903","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3580305.3599903","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3580305.3599903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580305.3599903","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3580305.3599903","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1084062135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20144310","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2725091317","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317933164","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62006218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3537633596","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4596733638","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 202104910234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4913236860","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202104910234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7033253288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grants","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8589651859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335892","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385567756.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385567756.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522631070","https://openalex.org/W1973289172","https://openalex.org/W1979065383","https://openalex.org/W2077948748","https://openalex.org/W2096077837","https://openalex.org/W2136189984","https://openalex.org/W2145538818","https://openalex.org/W2165558283","https://openalex.org/W2622338386","https://openalex.org/W2896375520","https://openalex.org/W2949985202","https://openalex.org/W2953700661","https://openalex.org/W3023238803","https://openalex.org/W3034868781","https://openalex.org/W3035359363","https://openalex.org/W3157758108","https://openalex.org/W3185146124","https://openalex.org/W4221166196","https://openalex.org/W4223512675","https://openalex.org/W4224438163","https://openalex.org/W4288072953","https://openalex.org/W4292215729","https://openalex.org/W4320465836","https://openalex.org/W4367628274","https://openalex.org/W6810139940","https://openalex.org/W6850138286"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382433580","https://openalex.org/W3093895509","https://openalex.org/W3163481960","https://openalex.org/W2323394100","https://openalex.org/W280704926","https://openalex.org/W2476068070","https://openalex.org/W4323971310","https://openalex.org/W2893372175","https://openalex.org/W2100326285","https://openalex.org/W1972827106"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"a":[1,16,42,83,93,149,163,184],"new":[2],"paradigm":[3],"called":[4],"Differentiable":[5],"Search":[6],"Index":[7],"(DSI)":[8],"has":[9],"been":[10],"proposed":[11],"for":[12],"document":[13,27,84,119,134,164,185,191],"retrieval,":[14],"wherein":[15],"sequence-to-sequence":[17],"model":[18,55,96],"is":[19,34,145],"learned":[20],"to":[21,25,35,61,68,72,78,189],"directly":[22],"map":[23],"queries":[24],"relevant":[26],"identifiers.":[28],"The":[29],"key":[30],"idea":[31],"behind":[32],"DSI":[33,59,95,112],"fully":[36],"parameterize":[37],"traditional":[38],"''index-retrieve''":[39],"pipelines":[40],"within":[41],"single":[43],"neural":[44],"model,":[45],"by":[46,99],"encoding":[47],"all":[48],"documents":[49],"in":[50,102,113,127,153,174],"the":[51,54,80,103,118,140,154,160,194],"corpus":[52],"into":[53],"parameters.":[56],"In":[57,88],"essence,":[58],"needs":[60],"resolve":[62],"two":[63,114],"major":[64],"questions:":[65],"(1)":[66,116],"how":[67,77],"assign":[69,132],"an":[70,135],"identifier":[71],"each":[73,133],"document,":[74],"and":[75,85,157,165,196],"(2)":[76,158],"learn":[79],"associations":[81,161],"between":[82,162],"its":[86,166],"identifier.":[87],"this":[89],"work,":[90],"we":[91,121,131,168,178],"propose":[92],"Semantic-Enhanced":[94],"(SE-DSI)":[97],"motivated":[98],"Learning":[100],"Strategies":[101,126,173],"area":[104],"of":[105,151],"Cognitive":[106],"Psychology.":[107],"Our":[108],"approach":[109],"advances":[110],"original":[111,155],"ways:":[115],"For":[117,159],"identifier,":[120,167],"take":[122,169],"inspiration":[123,170],"from":[124,171,183],"Elaboration":[125],"human":[128,175],"learning.":[129,176],"Specifically,":[130,177],"Elaborative":[136],"Description":[137],"based":[138],"on":[139],"query":[141],"generation":[142],"technique,":[143],"which":[144],"more":[146],"meaningful":[147],"than":[148],"string":[150],"integers":[152],"DSI;":[156],"Rehearsal":[172,187],"select":[179],"fine-grained":[180],"semantic":[181],"features":[182],"as":[186],"Contents":[188],"improve":[190],"memorization.":[192],"Both":[193],"offline":[195],"online":[197],"experiments":[198],"show":[199],"improved":[200],"retrieval":[201],"performance":[202],"over":[203],"prevailing":[204],"baselines.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}