{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385568390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580305.3599289","title":"Counterfactual Learning on Heterogeneous Graphs with Greedy Perturbation","display_name":"Counterfactual Learning on Heterogeneous Graphs with Greedy Perturbation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385568390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580305.3599289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3580305.3599289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580305.3599289","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3580305.3599289","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3580305.3599289","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100636291","display_name":"Qiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3211-5369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410926","display_name":"Changsheng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2258-8530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changsheng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067557082","display_name":"Qiannan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1601-1217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiannan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100618900","display_name":"Xin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-3574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022275632","display_name":"Chuxu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8349-7926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6902469","display_name":"Brandeis University","ror":"https://ror.org/05abbep66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuxu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brandeis University, Massachusetts, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brandeis University, Massachusetts, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000755750","display_name":"Xiangliang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3574-5665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangliang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame & King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Indiana, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame & King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Indiana, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100636291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7283,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87514177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2988","last_page":"2998"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.7784690856933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6926693916320801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.5260191559791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5076884031295776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4954718351364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49404576420783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.48683303594589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41873079538345337}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.7784690856933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6926693916320801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.5260191559791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5076884031295776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4954718351364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49404576420783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.48683303594589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41873079538345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3580305.3599289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580305.3599289","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3580305.3599289","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/693484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/693484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3580305.3599289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580305.3599289","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3580305.3599289","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3087840138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BAS/1/1635-01-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385568390.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385568390.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1932742904","https://openalex.org/W1979104937","https://openalex.org/W2008857988","https://openalex.org/W2009867031","https://openalex.org/W2022322548","https://openalex.org/W2138399168","https://openalex.org/W2604314403","https://openalex.org/W2743104969","https://openalex.org/W2897862648","https://openalex.org/W2907253296","https://openalex.org/W2908442265","https://openalex.org/W2911286998","https://openalex.org/W2912636151","https://openalex.org/W2951823788","https://openalex.org/W2962756421","https://openalex.org/W2965857891","https://openalex.org/W2984488829","https://openalex.org/W2984834462","https://openalex.org/W3023497337","https://openalex.org/W3099844187","https://openalex.org/W3100330855","https://openalex.org/W3106390645","https://openalex.org/W3116637551","https://openalex.org/W3208743394","https://openalex.org/W3212677680","https://openalex.org/W3214404698","https://openalex.org/W4213086502","https://openalex.org/W4231156595","https://openalex.org/W4302406680","https://openalex.org/W6696568479","https://openalex.org/W6757634740","https://openalex.org/W6757925611"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201448254","https://openalex.org/W4286970243","https://openalex.org/W2066431708","https://openalex.org/W3025615835","https://openalex.org/W4384133558","https://openalex.org/W173210993","https://openalex.org/W2390660599","https://openalex.org/W3003410553","https://openalex.org/W3028847759","https://openalex.org/W2393688264"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,18,78,129,149,165,188],"the":[2,20,56,61,82,90,117,131,139,144,157,183,192],"growing":[3],"importance":[4],"of":[5,23,92,159,185],"using":[6],"graph":[7,119,141,193,197],"neural":[8,168],"networks":[9],"in":[10,86],"high-stakes":[11],"applications,":[12],"there":[13],"is":[14],"a":[15,40,98,111,123,167],"pressing":[16],"need":[17],"interpret":[19],"predicted":[21],"results":[22],"these":[24,44],"models.":[25],"Existing":[26],"methods":[27,45,190],"for":[28,39,105,116,134,170],"explanation":[29],"have":[30],"mainly":[31],"focused":[32],"on":[33,138,156,177,191],"generating":[34,64,93],"sub-graphs":[35],"comprising":[36],"important":[37],"edges":[38,154],"specific":[41],"prediction.":[42],"However,":[43],"face":[46],"two":[47,178],"issues.":[48],"Firstly,":[49],"they":[50,74],"lack":[51],"counterfactual":[52,66,100],"validity":[53],"as":[54,81],"removing":[55],"subgraph":[57],"may":[58],"not":[59,69],"affect":[60],"prediction,":[62],"and":[63,121,153,162,196],"plausible":[65],"examples":[67],"has":[68],"been":[70],"adequately":[71],"explored.":[72],"Secondly,":[73],"cannot":[75],"be":[76],"extended":[77],"heterogeneous":[79,106,118,124,171],"graphs":[80,88,136],"complex":[83],"information":[84],"involved":[85],"such":[87],"increases":[89],"difficulty":[91],"interpretations.":[94],"This":[95],"paper":[96],"proposes":[97],"novel":[99],"learning":[101],"method,":[102],"named":[103],"CF-HGExplainer,":[104],"graphs.":[107],"The":[108],"method":[109],"incorporates":[110],"semantic-aware":[112],"attentive":[113],"pooling":[114],"strategy":[115],"classifier":[120],"designs":[122],"decision":[125],"boundaries":[126],"extraction":[127],"module":[128],"find":[130],"common":[132],"logic":[133],"similar":[135],"based":[137,155],"extracted":[140],"embeddings":[142],"from":[143],"classifier.":[145],"Additionally,":[146],"we":[147],"propose":[148],"greedily":[150],"perturb":[151],"nodes":[152],"distribution":[158],"node":[160],"features":[161],"edge":[163,172],"plausibility":[164],"train":[166],"network":[169],"weight":[173],"learning.":[174],"Extensive":[175],"experiments":[176],"public":[179],"academic":[180],"datasets":[181],"demonstrate":[182],"effectiveness":[184],"CF-HGExplainer":[186],"compared":[187],"state-of-the-art":[189],"classification":[194],"task":[195],"interpretation":[198],"task.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2023-08-05T00:00:00"}