{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367046681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3578503.3583605","title":"Tracking Machine Learning Bias Creep in Traditional and Online Lending Systems with Covariance Analysis","display_name":"Tracking Machine Learning Bias Creep in Traditional and Online Lending Systems with Covariance Analysis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367046681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3578503.3583605"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3578503.3583605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3578503.3583605","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3578503.3583605","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM Web Science Conference 2023","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3578503.3583605","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051521467","display_name":"\u00c1ngel Pav\u00f3n P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7607-2906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1ngel Pav\u00f3n P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Open University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7607-2906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Open University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090994054","display_name":"Miriam Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5939-4321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miriam Fernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Open University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5939-4321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Open University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053563582","display_name":"Hasan Al-Madfai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8184-8788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164956901","display_name":"Visa (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05syhdw25","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164956901","https://openalex.org/I4210148469"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Al-Madfai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visa Europe, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8184-8788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visa Europe, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164956901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007953039","display_name":"Gr\u00e9goire Burel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0029-5219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gr\u00e9goire Burel","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Open University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0029-5219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Open University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074716096","display_name":"Harith Alani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2784-349X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harith Alani","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Open University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2784-349X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Open University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6598,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73621043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"184","last_page":"195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7591856718063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.6924179792404175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5543863773345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5011823177337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4896593689918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analysis-of-covariance","display_name":"Analysis of covariance","score":0.4536516070365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institution","display_name":"Institution","score":0.44579482078552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-learning","display_name":"Online learning","score":0.4409586787223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.14950710535049438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09700348973274231}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7591856718063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.6924179792404175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5543863773345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5011823177337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4896593689918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119340705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1628597","display_name":"Analysis of covariance","level":2,"score":0.4536516070365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780510313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706","display_name":"Institution","level":2,"score":0.44579482078552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986087404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15946010","display_name":"Online learning","level":2,"score":0.4409586787223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.14950710535049438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09700348973274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3578503.3583605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3578503.3583605","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3578503.3583605","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM Web Science Conference 2023","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oro.open.ac.uk:88769","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://oro.open.ac.uk/88769/1/88769.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196284","display_name":"Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","host_organization_name":"The Open University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oro.open.ac.uk:87502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oro.open.ac.uk/87502/1/TrackingBiasCreep_WebSci23_CR.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196284","display_name":"Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","host_organization_name":"The Open University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3578503.3583605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3578503.3583605","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3578503.3583605","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM Web Science Conference 2023","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367046681.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367046681.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1961345416","https://openalex.org/W2006407062","https://openalex.org/W2077895339","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2150997454","https://openalex.org/W2167101736","https://openalex.org/W2563852449","https://openalex.org/W2593463961","https://openalex.org/W2599025709","https://openalex.org/W2804927761","https://openalex.org/W2962925443","https://openalex.org/W2963662115","https://openalex.org/W3004493409","https://openalex.org/W3005040148","https://openalex.org/W3013880603","https://openalex.org/W3032152562","https://openalex.org/W3048991518","https://openalex.org/W3099376688","https://openalex.org/W3106489865","https://openalex.org/W3113217068","https://openalex.org/W3121299688","https://openalex.org/W3137991047","https://openalex.org/W3165292502","https://openalex.org/W3174380182","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3182172753","https://openalex.org/W3193448347","https://openalex.org/W4315697663"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4235479087","https://openalex.org/W2383820648","https://openalex.org/W2084133194","https://openalex.org/W2363838894","https://openalex.org/W2050664815","https://openalex.org/W4248848563","https://openalex.org/W4236328372","https://openalex.org/W2492984665","https://openalex.org/W4244750876","https://openalex.org/W4238970163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"Learning":[1],"(ML)":[2],"algorithms":[3,21],"are":[4,22],"embedded":[5],"within":[6],"online":[7,104],"banking":[8,105],"services,":[9],"proposing":[10,82],"decisions":[11,28],"about":[12],"consumers\u2019":[13],"credit":[14,96],"cards,":[15],"car":[16],"loans,":[17],"and":[18,102],"mortgages.":[19],"These":[20],"sometimes":[23],"biased,":[24],"resulting":[25],"in":[26,61,132],"unfair":[27],"toward":[29],"certain":[30],"groups.":[31],"One":[32],"common":[33],"approach":[34,85],"for":[35],"addressing":[36],"such":[37],"bias":[38],"is":[39],"simply":[40],"dropping":[41],"the":[42,46,62,71,115,118,128],"sensitive":[43,52,79,122],"attributes":[44,53,60,75,80,116],"from":[45,99,117],"training":[47],"data":[48,63,119],"(e.g.":[49,64],"gender).":[50],"However,":[51],"can":[54,77],"indirectly":[55],"be":[56],"represented":[57],"by":[58,81],"other":[59],"maternity":[65],"leave":[66],"taken).":[67],"This":[68],"paper":[69],"addresses":[70],"problem":[72],"of":[73,130],"identifying":[74],"that":[76,120],"mimic":[78],"a":[83,100],"new":[84],"based":[86],"on":[87,93],"covariance":[88],"analysis.":[89],"Our":[90],"evaluation":[91],"conducted":[92],"two":[94],"different":[95],"datasets,":[97],"extracted":[98],"traditional":[101],"an":[103],"institution":[106],"respectively,":[107],"shows":[108],"how":[109],"our":[110],"approach:":[111],"(i)":[112],"effectively":[113],"identifies":[114],"encapsulate":[121],"information":[123],"and,":[124],"(ii)":[125],"leads":[126],"to":[127],"reduction":[129],"biases":[131],"ML":[133],"models,":[134],"while":[135],"maintaining":[136],"their":[137],"overall":[138],"performance.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}