{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387421691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577190.3614156","title":"Multimodal Bias: Assessing Gender Bias in Computer Vision Models with NLP Techniques","display_name":"Multimodal Bias: Assessing Gender Bias in Computer Vision Models with NLP Techniques","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387421691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577190.3614156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3577190.3614156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577190.3614156","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3577190.3614156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608440","display_name":"INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3577190.3614156","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012025699","display_name":"Abhishek Mandal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-4192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Mandal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Dublin City University, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-4192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Dublin City University, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022651146","display_name":"Suzanne Little","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-3471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suzanne Little","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Dublin City University, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-3471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Dublin City University, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026333045","display_name":"Susan Leavy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3679-2279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Leavy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Studies, University College Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3679-2279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Studies, University College Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012025699"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4307,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57164948,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"416","last_page":"424"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9685999751091003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9685999751091003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9490000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9333999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7638474702835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6349892616271973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.632799506187439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5235364437103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5012595653533936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4672199487686157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.44824206829071045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4450311064720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.11641725897789001}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7638474702835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6349892616271973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.632799506187439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5235364437103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5012595653533936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4672199487686157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.44824206829071045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4450311064720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.11641725897789001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3577190.3614156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577190.3614156","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3577190.3614156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608440","display_name":"INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doras.dcu.ie:29468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://doras.dcu.ie/29468/1/Mandal_ICMI_2023_camera_ready.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401511","display_name":"Dublin City University Open Access Institutional Repository (Dublin City University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","host_organization_name":"Dublin City University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3577190.3614156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577190.3614156","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3577190.3614156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608440","display_name":"INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5187451392","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFI/12/RC/2289_2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387421691.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387421691.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769358515","https://openalex.org/W3022279228","https://openalex.org/W3094231124","https://openalex.org/W3120485916","https://openalex.org/W3135367836","https://openalex.org/W3209190492","https://openalex.org/W4377010286"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2185469136","https://openalex.org/W2032233321","https://openalex.org/W2011264131","https://openalex.org/W3121970507","https://openalex.org/W2110028391","https://openalex.org/W54497855","https://openalex.org/W217960748","https://openalex.org/W3125814499","https://openalex.org/W2090827041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"multimodal":[1],"deep":[2],"learning":[3],"models":[4,74,83],"such":[5,39,84,91,126,182],"as":[6,40,85,127],"Contrastive":[7],"Language":[8],"Image":[9],"Pretraining":[10],"(CLIP)":[11],"have":[12],"become":[13],"increasingly":[14],"powerful":[15],"with":[16,196],"applications":[17,96],"across":[18],"several":[19,36],"domains":[20],"in":[21,90,138,170],"recent":[22],"years.":[23],"CLIP":[24,86,149,171,206],"works":[25],"on":[26,48],"visual":[27],"and":[28,31,42,121,133,166,172,188,201,203],"language":[29,156],"modalities":[30],"forms":[32],"a":[33,49,92,178],"part":[34],"of":[35,52,54,95,117,135,148,181,192,209],"popular":[37],"models,":[38],"DALL-E":[41],"Stable":[43],"Diffusion.":[44],"It":[45],"is":[46,104],"trained":[47],"large":[50,62],"dataset":[51],"millions":[53],"image-text":[55],"pairs":[56],"crawled":[57],"from":[58,78,98,154],"the":[59,114,118,131,139],"internet.":[60],"Such":[61],"datasets":[63],"are":[64,87,109],"often":[65],"used":[66],"for":[67],"training":[68],"purposes":[69],"without":[70],"filtering,":[71],"leading":[72],"to":[73,101,113,164,198],"inheriting":[75],"social":[76,99],"biases":[77,108,136],"internet":[79],"data.":[80],"Given":[81],"that":[82,106,174,205],"being":[88],"applied":[89],"wide":[93],"variety":[94],"ranging":[97],"media":[100],"education,":[102],"it":[103,175],"vital":[105],"harmful":[107],"detected.":[110],"However,":[111],"due":[112],"unbounded":[115],"nature":[116],"possible":[119],"inputs":[120],"outputs,":[122],"traditional":[123],"bias":[124,169],"metrics":[125],"accuracy":[128],"cannot":[129],"detect":[130,165],"range":[132],"complexity":[134],"present":[137,145],"model.":[140],"In":[141],"this":[142],"paper,":[143],"we":[144],"an":[146,151],"audit":[147],"using":[150],"established":[152],"technique":[153],"natural":[155],"processing":[157],"called":[158],"Word":[159],"Embeddings":[160],"Association":[161],"Test":[162],"(WEAT)":[163],"quantify":[167],"gender":[168,194,211],"demonstrate":[173],"can":[176],"provide":[177],"quantifiable":[179],"measure":[180],"stereotypical":[183,193,210],"associations.":[184],"We":[185],"detected,":[186],"measured,":[187],"visualised":[189],"various":[190],"types":[191],"associations":[195],"respect":[197],"character":[199],"descriptions":[200],"occupations":[202],"found":[204],"shows":[207],"evidence":[208],"bias.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2023-10-08T00:00:00"}
