{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381187956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577163.3595099","title":"Applying a Zero-Knowledge Watermarking Protocol to Secure Elections","display_name":"Applying a Zero-Knowledge Watermarking Protocol to Secure Elections","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381187956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577163.3595099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3577163.3595099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577163.3595099","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3577163.3595099","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3577163.3595099","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066468477","display_name":"Scott Craver","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Craver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092202001","display_name":"Nicholas Rosbrook","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Rosbrook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1212,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38012514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"115","last_page":"120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8158107995986938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-knowledge-proof","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","score":0.798151969909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.696553111076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.6747601628303528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6664971709251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6059679985046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5890668630599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballot","display_name":"Ballot","score":0.5777203440666199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5760785341262817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","score":0.5435348749160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4566868543624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.44058066606521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.41836851835250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2669835686683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.22871944308280945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18987628817558289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.15526962280273438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.0876869261264801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.0787738561630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07819780707359314}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8158107995986938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176329583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191943","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","level":3,"score":0.798151969909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.696553111076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.6747601628303528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6664971709251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6059679985046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5890668630599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777094542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905151","display_name":"Ballot","level":4,"score":0.5777203440666199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5760785341262817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5435348749160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4566868543624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.44058066606521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41836851835250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2669835686683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.22871944308280945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18987628817558289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.15526962280273438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.0876869261264801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0787738561630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07819780707359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3577163.3595099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577163.3595099","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3577163.3595099","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3577163.3595099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577163.3595099","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3577163.3595099","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381187956.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381187956.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542998351","https://openalex.org/W1910751411","https://openalex.org/W2122087485","https://openalex.org/W4210694990"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2618102231","https://openalex.org/W4205739996","https://openalex.org/W2091142111","https://openalex.org/W2615644033","https://openalex.org/W2032347069","https://openalex.org/W2091308113","https://openalex.org/W3110939172","https://openalex.org/W2183814151","https://openalex.org/W2619799167","https://openalex.org/W4287827824"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Zero-knowledge":[0],"protocols":[1,91],"for":[2],"digital":[3],"watermarking":[4,35],"allow":[5],"a":[6,12,17,60,64,77],"copyright":[7],"holder":[8],"to":[9,36,46,68],"prove":[10,69],"that":[11,70],"signal":[13,22],"is":[14,41],"hidden":[15,61],"in":[16,44,54,63],"cover":[18],"without":[19],"revealing":[20],"the":[21,57,86],"or":[23],"where":[24,39],"it":[25],"is.":[26],"This":[27],"same":[28],"approach":[29],"can":[30],"be":[31],"applied":[32],"outside":[33],"of":[34,59,79,89],"other":[37],"problems":[38],"anonymity":[40],"required,":[42],"and":[43],"particular":[45],"secure":[47],"elections.":[48],"We":[49,83],"outline":[50],"steganographic":[51],"zero-knowledge":[52],"protocols---proving":[53],"zero":[55],"knowledge":[56],"existence":[58],"object":[62],"cover---and":[65],"adapt":[66],"them":[67],"selected":[71],"ballot":[72],"values":[73],"must":[74],"exist":[75],"within":[76],"volume":[78],"anonymized":[80],"voter":[81],"receipts.":[82],"also":[84],"improve":[85],"space":[87],"efficiency":[88],"such":[90],"by":[92],"employing":[93],"camouflaged":[94],"elliptic":[95],"curve":[96],"cryptography.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}