{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321442102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3576050.3576098","title":"Using Transformer Language Models to Validate Peer-Assigned Essay Scores in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)","display_name":"Using Transformer Language Models to Validate Peer-Assigned Essay Scores in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321442102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3576050.3576098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3576050.3576098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3576050.3576098","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LAK23: 13th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047788899","display_name":"Wesley Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6316-6479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wesley Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6316-6479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028338673","display_name":"Scott A. Crossley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-0273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Crossley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-0273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090861447","display_name":"Langdon Holmes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4338-4609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Langdon Holmes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4338-4609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026539135","display_name":"Anne Trumbore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-9478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne Trumbore","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-9478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1094,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92909535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"315","last_page":"323"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.716515839099884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.709098219871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5587664842605591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.5509244799613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.526595950126648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.5232333540916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5009846687316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massive-open-online-course","display_name":"Massive open online course","score":0.4506042003631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45038700103759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4497251510620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-diversity","display_name":"Lexical diversity","score":0.44610750675201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.4365176558494568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33529770374298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3279392123222351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.24700433015823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.13064837455749512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.716515839099884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.709098219871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5587664842605591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5509244799613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.526595950126648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.5232333540916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5009846687316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777808570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967853","display_name":"Massive open online course","level":2,"score":0.4506042003631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45038700103759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4497251510620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781202465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18346297","display_name":"Lexical diversity","level":3,"score":0.44610750675201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.4365176558494568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33529770374298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3279392123222351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.24700433015823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13064837455749512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3576050.3576098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3576050.3576098","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LAK23: 13th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W560271706","https://openalex.org/W973843712","https://openalex.org/W1520074575","https://openalex.org/W1862540101","https://openalex.org/W1998070833","https://openalex.org/W2016023087","https://openalex.org/W2034849674","https://openalex.org/W2060423038","https://openalex.org/W2119923329","https://openalex.org/W2134548993","https://openalex.org/W2202297923","https://openalex.org/W2339386532","https://openalex.org/W2339932976","https://openalex.org/W2769764771","https://openalex.org/W2770639373","https://openalex.org/W2784788736","https://openalex.org/W2790130598","https://openalex.org/W2796108585","https://openalex.org/W2910811057","https://openalex.org/W2981849035","https://openalex.org/W2982088965","https://openalex.org/W2990970290","https://openalex.org/W3016378837","https://openalex.org/W3021792676","https://openalex.org/W3037207300","https://openalex.org/W3046512047","https://openalex.org/W3087889967","https://openalex.org/W3095483082","https://openalex.org/W3104636952","https://openalex.org/W3112662341","https://openalex.org/W3159958158","https://openalex.org/W3174155365","https://openalex.org/W3193704761","https://openalex.org/W3216581565","https://openalex.org/W4205302649","https://openalex.org/W4206727952","https://openalex.org/W4210323358","https://openalex.org/W4280510965","https://openalex.org/W4283586777","https://openalex.org/W6889681084"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388687352","https://openalex.org/W2378767206","https://openalex.org/W1540871478","https://openalex.org/W328308450","https://openalex.org/W282641168","https://openalex.org/W2376963063","https://openalex.org/W1990162851","https://openalex.org/W2066396794","https://openalex.org/W2370187191","https://openalex.org/W2366734808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Massive":[0],"Open":[1],"Online":[2],"Courses":[3],"(MOOCs)":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6,146,160],"those":[7],"offered":[8],"by":[9,65,186],"Coursera":[10],"are":[11,31],"popular":[12],"ways":[13],"for":[14,47,57,171,214],"adults":[15],"to":[16,34,91,136,149,155],"gain":[17],"important":[18],"skills,":[19],"advance":[20],"their":[21,25,134],"careers,":[22],"and":[23,37,50,82,118,128,197],"pursue":[24],"interests.":[26],"Within":[27],"these":[28],"courses,":[29],"students":[30],"often":[32],"required":[33],"compose,":[35],"submit,":[36],"peer":[38],"review":[39],"written":[40],"essays,":[41],"providing":[42],"a":[43,51,100,161,192],"valuable":[44],"pedagogical":[45],"experience":[46],"the":[48,58,62,71,75,80,85,93,129,226],"student":[49],"wealth":[52],"of":[53,74,84,95,102,109,139,163,167,194,217],"natural":[54],"language":[55,153,169,180],"data":[56,148,183],"educational":[59],"researcher.":[60],"However,":[61],"scores":[63],"provided":[64],"peers":[66],"do":[67],"not":[68],"always":[69],"reflect":[70],"actual":[72],"quality":[73,159],"text,":[76],"generating":[77],"questions":[78],"about":[79],"reliability":[81,94,216],"validity":[83],"scores.":[86],"This":[87],"study":[88,211],"evaluates":[89],"methods":[90],"increase":[92],"MOOC":[96],"peer-review":[97],"ratings":[98],"through":[99],"series":[101],"validation":[103],"tests":[104],"on":[105,113,125,182,191],"peer-reviewed":[106,218],"essays.":[107],"Reliability":[108],"reviewers":[110],"was":[111,143,174],"based":[112,124,190],"correlations":[114],"between":[115],"text":[116],"length":[117],"essay":[119,158,203],"quality.":[120],"Raters":[121],"were":[122],"pruned":[123],"score":[126,157,195],"variance":[127,196],"lexical":[130,198],"diversity":[131,199],"observed":[132],"in":[133,209,220],"comments":[135],"create":[137],"sub-sets":[138],"raters.":[140],"Each":[141],"subset":[142,173],"then":[144],"used":[145],"training":[147,179],"finetune":[150],"distilBERT":[151],"large":[152],"models":[154,181],"automatically":[156],"measure":[162],"validation.":[164],"The":[165,206],"accuracy":[166],"each":[168,172],"model":[170],"evaluated.":[175],"We":[176],"find":[177],"that":[178],"subsets":[184],"produced":[185],"more":[187,201],"reliable":[188],"raters":[189],"combination":[193],"produce":[200],"accurate":[202],"scoring":[204,219],"models.":[205],"approach":[207],"developed":[208],"this":[210],"should":[212],"allow":[213],"enhanced":[215],"MOOCS":[221],"affording":[222],"greater":[223],"credibility":[224],"within":[225],"systems.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
