{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318541549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3575693.3575727","title":"Propeller: A Profile Guided, Relinking Optimizer for Warehouse-Scale Applications","display_name":"Propeller: A Profile Guided, Relinking Optimizer for Warehouse-Scale Applications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318541549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3575693.3575727"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3575693.3575727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3575693.3575727","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3575693.3575727","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3575693.3575727","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100359752","display_name":"Han Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6714-5237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012898562","display_name":"Krzysztof Pszeniczny","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100430","display_name":"Google (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/014f9c269","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210100430","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krzysztof Pszeniczny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050680776","display_name":"Rahman Lavaee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahman Lavaee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016747898","display_name":"Snehasish Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Snehasish Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076081070","display_name":"Sriraman Tallam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6303-8132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sriraman Tallam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653815","display_name":"Xinliang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4223-2796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinliang David Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5108,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99278779,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"617","last_page":"631"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7867497205734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7170575261116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.6313900947570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propeller","display_name":"Propeller","score":0.602697491645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.529201865196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.525540292263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-code","display_name":"Binary code","score":0.5217336416244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.46358203887939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.44835031032562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.32142817974090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2710022032260895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09964033961296082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7867497205734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7170575261116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.6313900947570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80055088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205451","display_name":"Propeller","level":2,"score":0.602697491645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.529201865196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.525540292263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63435697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135","display_name":"Binary code","level":3,"score":0.5217336416244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.46358203887939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.44835031032562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32142817974090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2710022032260895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09964033961296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3575693.3575727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3575693.3575727","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3575693.3575727","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3575693.3575727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3575693.3575727","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3575693.3575727","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4318541549.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4318541549.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1627759","https://openalex.org/W84505036","https://openalex.org/W1543865847","https://openalex.org/W1979680516","https://openalex.org/W2008015263","https://openalex.org/W2013062050","https://openalex.org/W2024043936","https://openalex.org/W2036895660","https://openalex.org/W2120209286","https://openalex.org/W2160468841","https://openalex.org/W2290349115","https://openalex.org/W2402601480","https://openalex.org/W2469513535","https://openalex.org/W2612094043","https://openalex.org/W2951202371","https://openalex.org/W2952416601","https://openalex.org/W2962717918","https://openalex.org/W2984359783","https://openalex.org/W3042336388","https://openalex.org/W3045882432","https://openalex.org/W3131917500","https://openalex.org/W3137759927","https://openalex.org/W4231512336","https://openalex.org/W4232917671","https://openalex.org/W4239035626","https://openalex.org/W4243453813","https://openalex.org/W4247444363","https://openalex.org/W4250948891","https://openalex.org/W6931815303"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4240253816","https://openalex.org/W2066990921","https://openalex.org/W3096456556","https://openalex.org/W2169584677","https://openalex.org/W2979513934","https://openalex.org/W4232954277","https://openalex.org/W1974452356","https://openalex.org/W2971167090","https://openalex.org/W2020341030","https://openalex.org/W3061941318"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"profile":[1],"guided":[2],"optimizations":[3,16,62],"(PGO)":[4],"and":[5,58,130,176],"link":[6,15,41,61],"time":[7],"optimiza-tions":[8],"(LTO)":[9],"have":[10],"been":[11,140],"widely":[12],"adopted,":[13],"post":[14,40,60],"(PLO)have":[17],"languished":[18],"until":[19],"recently":[20],"when":[21],"researchers":[22],"demonstrated":[23],"that":[24],"late":[25],"injection":[26],"of":[27,39,118,124,149,151,162,195],"profiles":[28,116],"can":[29],"yield":[30],"significant":[31],"performance":[32,169,203],"improvements.":[33],"However,":[34],"the":[35,112,120,193,196],"disassembly-driven,":[36],"monolithic":[37],"design":[38],"optimizers":[42],"face":[43],"scaling":[44],"challenges":[45],"with":[46,52,146],"large":[47,211],"binaries":[48],"andis":[49],"at":[50,144,157],"odds":[51],"distributed":[53,65,132],"build":[54,66],"systems.":[55],"To":[56,78],"reconcile":[57],"enable":[59,79,99],"within":[63],"a":[64,71,89,100],"environment,":[67],"we":[68,84],"propose":[69],"Propeller,":[70],"relinking":[72,111,125],"optimizer":[73],"for":[74],"warehouse":[75],"scale":[76],"work-loads.":[77],"flexible":[80],"code":[81,136,156],"layout":[82],"optimizations,":[83],"introduce":[85],"basic":[86,95],"block":[87,96],"sections,":[88],"novel":[90],"linker":[91],"abstraction.":[92],"Propeller":[93,107,138,154,167,200],"uses":[94],"sections":[97],"to":[98,103,142,172,192],"new":[101],"approach":[102],"PLO":[104],"without":[105],"disassembly.":[106],"achieves":[108,201],"scalability":[109],"by":[110,128,170,184,189,208],"binary":[113,198],"using":[114],"precise":[115],"instead":[117],"rewriting":[119],"binary.":[121],"The":[122],"overhead":[123],"is":[126],"lowered":[127],"caching":[129],"leveraging":[131],"compiler":[133],"actions":[134],"during":[135],"generation.":[137],"has":[139],"deployed":[141],"production":[143],"Google":[145],"over":[147],"tens":[148],"millions":[150],"cores":[152],"executing":[153],"optimized":[155],"any":[158],"time.":[159],"An":[160],"evaluation":[161],"internal":[163],"warehouse-scale":[164],"applications":[165],"show":[166],"improves":[168,188],"1.1%":[171],"8%":[173],"beyond":[174],"PGO":[175],"ThinLTO.":[177],"Compiler":[178],"tools":[179],"such":[180],"as":[181],"Clang":[182],"improve":[183],"7%":[185],"while":[186,204],"MySQL":[187],"1%.":[190],"Compared":[191],"state":[194],"art":[197],"optimizer,":[199],"comparable":[202],"lowering":[205],"memory":[206],"overheads":[207],"30%-70%":[209],"on":[210],"benchmarks.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}