{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327520793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3574198.3574225","title":"Modified mental workload index: Measure it with task difficulty degree and performance, Verified it with cross-time classification","display_name":"Modified mental workload index: Measure it with task difficulty degree and performance, Verified it with cross-time classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327520793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3574198.3574225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3574198.3574225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3574198.3574225","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 9th International Conference on Biomedical and Bioinformatics Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084074280","display_name":"Lipeng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4585-3301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5740404","display_name":"Tianjin Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02mh8wx89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5740404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lipeng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5740404","https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013041561","display_name":"Xingwei An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5417-508X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5740404","display_name":"Tianjin Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02mh8wx89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5740404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingwei An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5740404","https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090651290","display_name":"Yufeng Ke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8434-0322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5740404","display_name":"Tianjin Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02mh8wx89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5740404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufeng Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5740404","https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015977907","display_name":"Tao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9085-7240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Precision Instruments & Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Precision Instruments & Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040629419","display_name":"Wenxiao Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9068-428X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxiao Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Precision Instruments & Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Precision Instruments & Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084074280"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743","https://openalex.org/I5740404"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18178415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"173","last_page":"177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.7069125175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6937755346298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6505123376846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree","display_name":"Degree (music)","score":0.6061604022979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.531999409198761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.526877224445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.5187445282936096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5154610276222229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.4912495017051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.46576404571533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3893263638019562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37133145332336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.27692079544067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10180175304412842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09364497661590576}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.7069125175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6937755346298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6505123376846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.6061604022979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.531999409198761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.526877224445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5187445282936096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5154610276222229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.4912495017051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.46576404571533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3893263638019562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37133145332336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27692079544067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10180175304412842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09364497661590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3574198.3574225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3574198.3574225","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 9th International Conference on Biomedical and Bioinformatics Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003392038","https://openalex.org/W2397822570","https://openalex.org/W2894873939","https://openalex.org/W2908954394","https://openalex.org/W2967531895","https://openalex.org/W2979955074","https://openalex.org/W2991996523","https://openalex.org/W3007593444","https://openalex.org/W3013313603","https://openalex.org/W3119808453","https://openalex.org/W3124665696","https://openalex.org/W4212999196","https://openalex.org/W4225966531","https://openalex.org/W4285130946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W1480123525","https://openalex.org/W2620865396","https://openalex.org/W2414054180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,83,143],"brain":[1,21,30,140,170],"state":[2,22,31,42,52,141,171],"is":[3,32,128],"very":[4],"important":[5,155],"for":[6,10,27,97,116,160],"daily":[7],"life,":[8],"especially":[9],"mentally":[11],"exhausting":[12],"tasks.":[13],"Researches":[14],"usually":[15],"use":[16],"task":[17,57,136,148,151],"difficult":[18],"as":[19,138],"a":[20,48,173],"index,":[23,163],"while":[24,115],"the":[25,29,40,44,56,65,73,101,104,110,117,132,139,147,161,169],"performance":[26,152],"detecting":[28],"not":[33],"satisfying.":[34],"In":[35],"order":[36],"to":[37,95,167],"comprehensively":[38,158],"reflect":[39],"functional":[41,51],"of":[43,68,86,109,125],"operator,":[45],"We":[46,63],"defined":[47],"new":[49],"operator":[50],"(OFS)":[53],"based":[54],"on":[55],"difficulty":[58,137,149],"degree":[59],"and":[60,71,79,93,150,156],"behavioral":[61],"performance.":[62],"analyzed":[64],"power":[66],"spectrum":[67],"different":[69],"OFS":[70,81,162],"examined":[72],"classification":[74,112,119],"accuracies":[75,133],"under":[76],"both":[77,154],"non-cross-time":[78,87],"cross-time":[80,102],"conditions.":[82],"average":[84,105],"accuracy":[85,106,124],"with":[88],"two-class":[89,111],"can":[90],"reach":[91],"95.61%":[92],"reached":[94],"78.43%":[96],"four-class":[98,118],"classification.":[99],"For":[100],"classification,":[103],"across":[107],"time":[108],"reaches":[113],"91.38%,":[114],"it":[120,164],"only":[121,134],"has":[122],"an":[123],"54.22%,":[126],"which":[127],"also":[129],"higher":[130],"than":[131],"using":[135],"index.":[142],"results":[144],"showed":[145],"that":[146],"are":[153],"should":[157],"considered":[159],"will":[165],"help":[166],"understand":[168],"in":[172],"more":[174],"accurate":[175],"way.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}