{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309694800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571855","title":"Similarity-based Web Element Localization for Robust Test Automation","display_name":"Similarity-based Web Element Localization for Robust Test Automation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309694800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3571855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571855","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3571855","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3571855","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003715951","display_name":"Michel Nass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8569-2290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52719799","display_name":"Blekinge Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0093a8w51","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52719799"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michel Nass","raw_affiliation_strings":["SERL, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SERL, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52719799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090568205","display_name":"Emil Al\u00e9groth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7526-3727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52719799","display_name":"Blekinge Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0093a8w51","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52719799"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emil Al\u00e9groth","raw_affiliation_strings":["SERL, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SERL, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52719799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063787358","display_name":"Robert Feldt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5179-4205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52719799","display_name":"Blekinge Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0093a8w51","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52719799"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Feldt","raw_affiliation_strings":["SERL, Blekinge Institute of Technology and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SERL, Blekinge Institute of Technology and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52719799","https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057891774","display_name":"Maurizio Leotta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5267-0602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurizio Leotta","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIBRIS, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIBRIS, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019306962","display_name":"Filippo Ricca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3928-5408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Ricca","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIBRIS, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIBRIS, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003715951"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52719799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.1889,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98572315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.821406364440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6014539003372192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5993564128875732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.574424147605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/element","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","score":0.5402564406394958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5232721567153931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4839780330657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4502222239971161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43965548276901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4377990961074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.31094321608543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29312264919281006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.821406364440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6014539003372192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5993564128875732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.574424147605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200288055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621792","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","level":2,"score":0.5402564406394958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5232721567153931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4839780330657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4502222239971161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43965548276901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4377990961074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.31094321608543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29312264919281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3571855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571855","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3571855","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unige.it:11567/1122538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1122538","pdf_url":"https://iris.unige.it/bitstream/11567/1122538/1/3571855%20%281%29.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:536319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/536319","pdf_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/publication/536319/file/536319_Fulltext.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:bth-25065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-25065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3571855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571855","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3571855","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323802","display_name":"Blekinge Tekniska H\u00f6gskola","ror":"https://ror.org/0093a8w51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309694800.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309694800.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1150103347","https://openalex.org/W1552573782","https://openalex.org/W1777613028","https://openalex.org/W1966486138","https://openalex.org/W1986011486","https://openalex.org/W2028972927","https://openalex.org/W2034627179","https://openalex.org/W2050930639","https://openalex.org/W2056112725","https://openalex.org/W2081704432","https://openalex.org/W2105472702","https://openalex.org/W2117906316","https://openalex.org/W2142392209","https://openalex.org/W2147119485","https://openalex.org/W2154516928","https://openalex.org/W2156279557","https://openalex.org/W2166638266","https://openalex.org/W2167762898","https://openalex.org/W2295645274","https://openalex.org/W2546669591","https://openalex.org/W2548454025","https://openalex.org/W2581010780","https://openalex.org/W2594580537","https://openalex.org/W2741150809","https://openalex.org/W2761823764","https://openalex.org/W2885700925","https://openalex.org/W2886633401","https://openalex.org/W2887819915","https://openalex.org/W2906640661","https://openalex.org/W2914491452","https://openalex.org/W2920811932","https://openalex.org/W3005594005","https://openalex.org/W3128169615","https://openalex.org/W3143507502","https://openalex.org/W3160762091","https://openalex.org/W3165332536","https://openalex.org/W3172076064","https://openalex.org/W4241882551","https://openalex.org/W4242616924","https://openalex.org/W4242736149","https://openalex.org/W4243358126","https://openalex.org/W4246326401","https://openalex.org/W4248731954","https://openalex.org/W4254624923","https://openalex.org/W4255835297"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383111961","https://openalex.org/W2365952365","https://openalex.org/W2352448290","https://openalex.org/W2380820513","https://openalex.org/W2913146933","https://openalex.org/W2372385138","https://openalex.org/W4296359239","https://openalex.org/W2101155126","https://openalex.org/W2043093291","https://openalex.org/W2363545964"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-robust":[0],"(fragile)":[1],"test":[2,11,21],"execution":[3],"is":[4,50,58,150,248,292],"a":[5,51,88,108,112,122,161,229,246],"commonly":[6],"reported":[7],"challenge":[8,57],"in":[9,30,146,160,172,195,287],"GUI-based":[10],"automation,":[12],"despite":[13],"much":[14],"research":[15],"and":[16,63,79,86],"several":[17],"proposed":[18,289],"solutions.":[19],"A":[20],"script":[22,48],"needs":[23],"to":[24,27,60,106,121,166,188,205,227,234,283],"be":[25,235,264],"resilient":[26],"(minor)":[28],"changes":[29],"the":[31,36,65,71,139,144,154,178,184,190,212,224,240,251,257,273,305],"tested":[32],"application":[33],"but,":[34],"at":[35],"same":[37],"time,":[38],"fail":[39,78],"when":[40,70,281],"detecting":[41],"potential":[42],"issues":[43],"that":[44,181,271],"require":[45],"investigation.":[46],"Test":[47],"fragility":[49],"multi-faceted":[52],"problem.":[53],"However,":[54,238],"one":[55],"crucial":[56],"how":[59,167],"reliably":[61],"identify":[62,107],"locate":[64,189,228,284],"correct":[66,191],"target":[67,109,136,192],"web":[68,93,102,126,157,193,230,243,279,307],"elements":[69,158,280],"website":[72,163],"evolves":[73],"between":[74,275],"releases":[75],"or":[76],"otherwise":[77],"report":[80],"an":[81,131,173],"issue.":[82],"This":[83,116,267],"article":[84],"proposes":[85],"evaluates":[87],"novel":[89],"approach":[90,124],"called":[91],"similarity-based":[92],"element":[94,103,110,127,194,231,308],"localization":[95,309],"(Similo),":[96],"which":[97],"leverages":[98],"information":[99],"from":[100],"multiple":[101,276],"locator":[104],"parameters":[105],"using":[111],"weighted":[113],"similarity":[114,274],"score.":[115],"experimental":[117],"study":[118,268],"compares":[119],"Similo":[120,182,219,262,290,297],"baseline":[123,213,306],"for":[125,211],"localization.":[128],"To":[129],"get":[130],"extensive":[132],"empirical":[133],"basis,":[134],"we":[135],"48":[137],"of":[138,156,169,177,198,218,242,253,255,261,278],"most":[140],"popular":[141],"websites":[142],"on":[143,250],"Internet":[145],"our":[147,288],"evaluation.":[148],"Robustness":[149],"considered":[151,200,265],"by":[152],"counting":[153],"number":[155],"found":[159],"recent":[162],"version":[164],"compared":[165,204],"many":[168],"these":[170],"existed":[171],"older":[174],"version.":[175],"Results":[176],"experiment":[179],"show":[180],"outperforms":[183],"baseline;":[185],"it":[186],"failed":[187,207],"91":[196],"out":[197],"801":[199],"cases":[201,208],"(i.e.,":[202,209,302],"11%)":[203],"214":[206],"27%)":[210],"approach.":[214,310],"The":[215],"time":[216,226],"efficiency":[217],"was":[220,232],"also":[221],"considered,":[222],"where":[223],"average":[225],"determined":[233],"4":[236],"milliseconds.":[237],"since":[239],"cost":[241],"interactions":[244],"(e.g.,":[245],"click)":[247],"typically":[249],"order":[252],"hundreds":[254],"milliseconds,":[256],"additional":[258],"computational":[259],"demands":[260],"can":[263],"negligible.":[266],"presents":[269],"evidence":[270],"quantifying":[272],"attributes":[277],"trying":[282],"them,":[285],"as":[286],"approach,":[291],"beneficial.":[293],"With":[294],"acceptable":[295],"efficiency,":[296],"gives":[298],"significantly":[299],"higher":[300],"effectiveness":[301],"robustness)":[303],"than":[304]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}