{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185199394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571133","title":"DNN Is Not All You Need: Parallelizing Non-neural ML Algorithms on Ultra-low-power IoT Processors","display_name":"DNN Is Not All You Need: Parallelizing Non-neural ML Algorithms on Ultra-low-power IoT Processors","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185199394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571133","mag":"3185199394"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3571133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571133","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3571133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3571133","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017136532","display_name":"Enrico Tabanelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3155-8774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Tabanelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004842257","display_name":"Giuseppe Tagliavini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9221-4633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Tagliavini","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043408422","display_name":"Luca Benini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8068-3806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Benini","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017136532"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7905,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92129164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9042559862136841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.7444429993629456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.7409648299217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5974611043930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coprocessor","display_name":"Coprocessor","score":0.5423967838287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4910695552825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48270726203918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4674893915653229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.44300615787506104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.411733478307724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39092445373535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.33461111783981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2011513113975525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15031811594963074}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9042559862136841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.7444429993629456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.7409648299217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5974611043930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86111242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859595","display_name":"Coprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5423967838287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4910695552825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48270726203918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4674893915653229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.44300615787506104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.411733478307724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39092445373535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.33461111783981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2011513113975525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15031811594963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3571133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571133","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3571133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/933433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3571133","pdf_url":"https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/933433/1/DNNIsNotAllYouNeed.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3571133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571133","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3571133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2796667630","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101034126","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3185199394.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3185199394.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606512765","https://openalex.org/W1817561967","https://openalex.org/W1982146944","https://openalex.org/W1988888548","https://openalex.org/W2016531398","https://openalex.org/W2028065906","https://openalex.org/W2031977236","https://openalex.org/W2043794511","https://openalex.org/W2046384674","https://openalex.org/W2059966556","https://openalex.org/W2070730843","https://openalex.org/W2087624898","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2130386378","https://openalex.org/W2141427150","https://openalex.org/W2154056489","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2219540336","https://openalex.org/W2261808795","https://openalex.org/W2543008821","https://openalex.org/W2555007564","https://openalex.org/W2564566221","https://openalex.org/W2605614336","https://openalex.org/W2732039841","https://openalex.org/W2732951378","https://openalex.org/W2734864244","https://openalex.org/W2760274952","https://openalex.org/W2762644836","https://openalex.org/W2768475350","https://openalex.org/W2784372305","https://openalex.org/W2792068364","https://openalex.org/W2808362157","https://openalex.org/W2889228961","https://openalex.org/W2889339831","https://openalex.org/W2896337188","https://openalex.org/W2898382086","https://openalex.org/W2902032143","https://openalex.org/W2911262774","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2945594226","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964152782","https://openalex.org/W2971874466","https://openalex.org/W2987793235","https://openalex.org/W2999093589","https://openalex.org/W3000258254","https://openalex.org/W3007729836","https://openalex.org/W3011347095","https://openalex.org/W3021575660","https://openalex.org/W3023935494","https://openalex.org/W3026105287","https://openalex.org/W3036102121","https://openalex.org/W3043381437","https://openalex.org/W3046457524","https://openalex.org/W3049586678","https://openalex.org/W3067862503","https://openalex.org/W3093348380","https://openalex.org/W3099185017","https://openalex.org/W3103292482","https://openalex.org/W3108426037","https://openalex.org/W3111386126","https://openalex.org/W3113606433","https://openalex.org/W3119257414","https://openalex.org/W3124927052","https://openalex.org/W3125492820","https://openalex.org/W3132316130","https://openalex.org/W3135461891","https://openalex.org/W3137875211","https://openalex.org/W3148564648","https://openalex.org/W3154383190","https://openalex.org/W3159865717","https://openalex.org/W3163390282","https://openalex.org/W3183793818","https://openalex.org/W3206495532","https://openalex.org/W3209762321","https://openalex.org/W4207024960","https://openalex.org/W4214818614","https://openalex.org/W4225880089","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6806998640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2291943064","https://openalex.org/W1541328753","https://openalex.org/W2209727271","https://openalex.org/W2027176516","https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3111395152","https://openalex.org/W4313526662","https://openalex.org/W3106131444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"Learning":[1],"(ML)":[2],"functions":[3],"are":[4],"becoming":[5],"ubiquitous":[6],"in":[7,61],"latency-":[8],"and":[9,23,36,93,112,128,151,170,196],"privacy-sensitive":[10],"IoT":[11,32],"applications,":[12],"prompting":[13],"a":[14,44,90,95,109,139,157,205,212],"shift":[15],"toward":[16],"near-sensor":[17],"processing":[18],"at":[19],"the":[20,24,105,117,129,162,181,189,208],"extreme":[21],"edge":[22,218],"consequent":[25],"increasing":[26],"adoption":[27],"of":[28,47,63,79,175],"Parallel":[29],"Ultra-low-power":[30],"(PULP)":[31],"processors.":[33],"These":[34],"compute-":[35],"memory-constrained":[37],"parallel":[38,77,106,176],"architectures":[39],"need":[40],"to":[41,115,145,156,168,194,200],"run":[42],"efficiently":[43],"wide":[45],"range":[46],"algorithms,":[48],"including":[49],"key":[50],"Non-neural":[51,80],"ML":[52,81],"kernels":[53],"that":[54,138],"compete":[55],"favorably":[56],"with":[57,207],"Deep":[58],"Neural":[59],"Networks":[60],"terms":[62,174],"accuracy":[64],"under":[65],"severe":[66],"resource":[67],"constraints.":[68],"In":[69,173],"this":[70],"article,":[71],"we":[72,203],"focus":[73],"on":[74,83,99,126,133,186,188],"enabling":[75],"efficient":[76],"execution":[78,183],"algorithms":[82,107],"two":[84,120],"RISCV-based":[85],"PULP":[86],"platforms,":[87],"namely,":[88],"GAP8,":[89],"commercial":[91,215],"chip,":[92],"PULP-OPEN,":[94],"research":[96],"platform":[97],"running":[98],"an":[100,146],"FPGA":[101],"emulator.":[102],"We":[103],"optimized":[104],"through":[108],"fine-grained":[110],"analysis":[111],"intensive":[113],"optimization":[114],"maximize":[116],"speedup,":[118,177],"considering":[119],"alternative":[121],"Floating-point":[122],"(FP)":[123],"emulation":[124,141,159],"libraries":[125],"GAP8":[127],"native":[130,163],"FPU":[131,164],"support":[132,165],"PULP-OPEN.":[134,225],"Experimental":[135],"results":[136],"show":[137],"target-optimized":[140],"library":[142],"can":[143],"lead":[144],"average":[147,187],"1.61\u00d7":[148],"runtime":[149],"improvement":[150],"37%":[152],"energy":[153,195],"reduction":[154],"compared":[155],"standard":[158],"library,":[160],"while":[161],"reaches":[166],"up":[167,199],"32.09\u00d7":[169],"99%,":[171],"respectively.":[172],"our":[178],"design":[179],"improves":[180],"sequential":[182],"by":[184],"7.04\u00d7":[185],"targeted":[190],"octa-core":[191],"platforms":[192],"leading":[193],"latency":[197],"decrease":[198],"87%.":[201],"Last,":[202],"present":[204],"comparison":[206],"ARM":[209],"Cortex-M4":[210],"microcontroller,":[211],"widely":[213],"adopted":[214],"solution":[216],"for":[217],"deployments,":[219],"which":[220],"is":[221],"12.87\u00d7":[222],"slower":[223],"than":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-23T07:41:27.035349","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
