{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308882314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571074","title":"Virtual Big Heads in Extended Reality: Estimation of Ideal Head Scales and Perceptual Thresholds for Comfort and Facial Cues","display_name":"Virtual Big Heads in Extended Reality: Estimation of Ideal Head Scales and Perceptual Thresholds for Comfort and Facial Cues","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308882314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3571074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32453091","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","issn_l":"1544-3558","issn":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042817126","display_name":"Zubin Choudhary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4303-5759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zubin Choudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4303-5759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020793048","display_name":"Austin Erickson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3146-8023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Austin Erickson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3146-8023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044789829","display_name":"Nahal Norouzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-0614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nahal Norouzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-0614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022774858","display_name":"Kangsoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0925-378X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kangsoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0925-378X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057377597","display_name":"Gerd Bruder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1450-1802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerd Bruder","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1450-1802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000643470","display_name":"Greg Welch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8243-646X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Welch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8243-646X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5285,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68025326,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.781243085861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6765209436416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6316559910774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5923716425895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5530956387519836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5113046169281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4918205738067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.48250627517700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.45923054218292236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.44889193773269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeling","display_name":"Feeling","score":0.4356839060783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.38345324993133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3802340626716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3307565450668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.13204440474510193}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.781243085861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6765209436416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6316559910774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5923716425895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5530956387519836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5113046169281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4918205738067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.48250627517700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.45923054218292236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.44889193773269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.4356839060783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38345324993133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3802340626716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3307565450668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.13204440474510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3571074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32453091","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","issn_l":"1544-3558","issn":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62300642","https://openalex.org/W597036898","https://openalex.org/W1497386595","https://openalex.org/W1528096490","https://openalex.org/W1549076334","https://openalex.org/W1595126664","https://openalex.org/W1811981181","https://openalex.org/W1823329909","https://openalex.org/W1938008383","https://openalex.org/W1967205555","https://openalex.org/W1968691630","https://openalex.org/W1977786473","https://openalex.org/W1991142926","https://openalex.org/W2003763401","https://openalex.org/W2005757068","https://openalex.org/W2017598974","https://openalex.org/W2018432508","https://openalex.org/W2027935272","https://openalex.org/W2028084635","https://openalex.org/W2051033444","https://openalex.org/W2052526906","https://openalex.org/W2062160780","https://openalex.org/W2064171501","https://openalex.org/W2075092241","https://openalex.org/W2084235337","https://openalex.org/W2098130392","https://openalex.org/W2098439642","https://openalex.org/W2101870300","https://openalex.org/W2105801007","https://openalex.org/W2107716346","https://openalex.org/W2113575123","https://openalex.org/W2122852424","https://openalex.org/W2123834143","https://openalex.org/W2124052984","https://openalex.org/W2124436197","https://openalex.org/W2126866281","https://openalex.org/W2129928382","https://openalex.org/W2131174334","https://openalex.org/W2150166996","https://openalex.org/W2151016316","https://openalex.org/W2159589779","https://openalex.org/W2160717889","https://openalex.org/W2171749545","https://openalex.org/W2268421884","https://openalex.org/W2401398128","https://openalex.org/W2511084678","https://openalex.org/W2520560535","https://openalex.org/W2560183597","https://openalex.org/W2604801274","https://openalex.org/W2605519007","https://openalex.org/W2613324995","https://openalex.org/W2735210942","https://openalex.org/W2737997568","https://openalex.org/W2758220497","https://openalex.org/W2762750998","https://openalex.org/W2768501218","https://openalex.org/W2772438935","https://openalex.org/W2795574155","https://openalex.org/W2796301186","https://openalex.org/W2892252543","https://openalex.org/W2966469387","https://openalex.org/W2968000842","https://openalex.org/W2968128616","https://openalex.org/W2969874558","https://openalex.org/W2980457525","https://openalex.org/W2997644920","https://openalex.org/W3005544776","https://openalex.org/W3082956703","https://openalex.org/W3096245553","https://openalex.org/W3132167146","https://openalex.org/W3147653952","https://openalex.org/W3161658908","https://openalex.org/W3165840301","https://openalex.org/W3210341403","https://openalex.org/W4211249169","https://openalex.org/W4225975046","https://openalex.org/W4232227897"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2380179524","https://openalex.org/W4283365723","https://openalex.org/W2963001125","https://openalex.org/W2091233881","https://openalex.org/W1808810477","https://openalex.org/W2082717302","https://openalex.org/W2291113340","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extended":[0],"reality":[1,7,11],"(XR)":[2],"technologies,":[3],"such":[4,71,124],"as":[5,113,125,177,179],"virtual":[6,237],"(VR)":[8],"and":[9,17,59,74,90,134,184,201,205,231,234,245,259,266,274,277,303,307],"augmented":[10],"(AR),":[12],"provide":[13],"users,":[14],"their":[15,108,180],"avatars,":[16],"embodied":[18,43,72],"agents":[19],"a":[20,26,98,114,153,157,236],"shared":[21],"platform":[22],"to":[23,48,63,67,76,107,160,173,192,227,269,299,314],"collaborate":[24],"in":[25,96,101,144,213,256],"spatial":[27],"context.":[28],"Although":[29],"traditional":[30],"face-to-face":[31],"communication":[32],"is":[33,53,103],"limited":[34],"by":[35],"users\u2019":[36],"proximity,":[37],"meaning":[38],"that":[39,56,281,312],"another":[40],"human\u2019s":[41,99],"non-verbal":[42,121],"cues":[44,73],"become":[45],"more":[46,284],"difficult":[47],"perceive":[49,174],"the":[50,78,92,111,118,162,300],"farther":[51],"one":[52],"away":[54],"from":[55,110],"person,":[57],"researchers":[58],"practitioners":[60],"have":[61],"started":[62],"look":[64],"into":[65],"ways":[66],"accentuate":[68],"or":[69,128,166],"amplify":[70],"signals":[75],"counteract":[77],"effects":[79],"of":[80,120,164,182,186,190,242],"distance":[81,109],"with":[82,156,218,286,297],"XR":[83],"technologies.":[84],"In":[85,147,248],"this":[86,136,145],"article,":[87],"we":[88,138,151,278,304],"describe":[89],"evaluate":[91],"Big":[93],"Head":[94],"technique,":[95,137],"which":[97],"head":[100,168,261],"VR/AR":[102],"scaled":[104],"up":[105,191],"relative":[106],"observer":[112],"mechanism":[115],"for":[116,263,309],"enhancing":[117],"visibility":[119],"facial":[122,126,175,229,272,317],"cues,":[123],"expressions":[127,176,230],"eye":[129,232,275],"gaze.":[130],"To":[131],"better":[132],"understand":[133,161],"explore":[135],"present":[139],"two":[140,197],"complimentary":[141],"human-subject":[142],"experiments":[143],"article.":[146],"our":[148,251,295],"first":[149],"experiment,":[150],"conducted":[152],"VR":[154],"study":[155],"head-mounted":[158,222],"display":[159],"impact":[163],"increased":[165],"decreased":[167],"scales":[169,262],"on":[170],"participants\u2019":[171],"ability":[172],"well":[178],"sense":[181],"comfort":[183],"feeling":[185],"\u201cuncannniness\u201d":[187],"over":[188,239],"distances":[189,241,265],"10":[193],"m.":[194,247],"We":[195,293],"explored":[196],"different":[198,264],"scaling":[199],"methods":[200],"compared":[202],"perceptual":[203],"thresholds":[204],"user":[206],"preferences.":[207],"Our":[208],"second":[209],"experiment":[210],"was":[211],"performed":[212],"an":[214,219],"outdoor":[215],"AR":[216],"environment":[217],"optical":[220],"see-through":[221],"display.":[223],"Participants":[224],"were":[225,283],"asked":[226],"estimate":[228],"gaze,":[233,276],"identify":[235],"human":[238],"large":[240],"30,":[243],"60,":[244],"90":[246],"both":[249],"experiments,":[250],"results":[252],"show":[253],"significant":[254],"differences":[255],"minimum,":[257],"maximum,":[258],"ideal":[260],"tasks":[267],"related":[268],"perceiving":[270],"faces,":[271],"expressions,":[273],"also":[279],"found":[280],"participants":[282],"comfortable":[285],"slightly":[287],"bigger":[288],"heads":[289],"at":[290],"larger":[291],"distances.":[292],"discuss":[294,305],"findings":[296],"respect":[298],"technologies":[301],"used,":[302],"implications":[306],"guidelines":[308],"practical":[310],"applications":[311],"aim":[313],"leverage":[315],"XR-enhanced":[316],"cues.":[318]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
