{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387212208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3570361.3592501","title":"Enc2: Privacy-Preserving Inference for Tiny IoTs via Encoding and Encryption","display_name":"Enc2: Privacy-Preserving Inference for Tiny IoTs via Encoding and Encryption","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387212208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3570361.3592501"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3570361.3592501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3570361.3592501","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3570361.3592501","source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3570361.3592501","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053907081","display_name":"Hao-Jen Chien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9569-8897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799798094","display_name":"UCLA Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01d88se56","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799798094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao-Jen Chien","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9569-8897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799798094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002636632","display_name":"Hossein Khalili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3721-5118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799798094","display_name":"UCLA Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01d88se56","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799798094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Khalili","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3721-5118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799798094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035652325","display_name":"Amin Hass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1115-8060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099672","display_name":"Accenture (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013g16z83","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093804","https://openalex.org/I4210099672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Hass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Accenture, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1115-8060","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Accenture, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070345296","display_name":"Nader Sehatbakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7181-2258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799798094","display_name":"UCLA Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01d88se56","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799798094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nader Sehatbakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7181-2258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799798094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8447352647781372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6721404790878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.660616397857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6520858407020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6170662641525269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5405125021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5235143303871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.5089423656463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.47536057233810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.4593852162361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4409993588924408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.43263986706733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.417946457862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3738807439804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3527204692363739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33426445722579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23422086238861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19336730241775513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.1659906506538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08443403244018555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8447352647781372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6721404790878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.660616397857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6520858407020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6170662641525269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5405125021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5235143303871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.5089423656463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.47536057233810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.4593852162361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4409993588924408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.43263986706733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.417946457862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3738807439804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3527204692363739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33426445722579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23422086238861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19336730241775513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.1659906506538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08443403244018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3570361.3592501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3570361.3592501","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3570361.3592501","source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3570361.3592501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3570361.3592501","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3570361.3592501","source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3831091872","display_name":"Collaborative Research: CNS Core: Medium: IoCT:  System Mechanisms for Enabling an Internet of Collaborative Things","funder_award_id":"2211301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G627572048","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2211301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307894","display_name":"Accenture","ror":"https://ror.org/013g16z83"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387212208.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387212208.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56544557","https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2592232824","https://openalex.org/W2596378825","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2809414288","https://openalex.org/W2884985453","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2963394878","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2963963190","https://openalex.org/W2979832172","https://openalex.org/W2983065655","https://openalex.org/W2998503299","https://openalex.org/W3009713534","https://openalex.org/W3011434423","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3015584356","https://openalex.org/W3016063723","https://openalex.org/W3016075089","https://openalex.org/W3035501883","https://openalex.org/W3042794281","https://openalex.org/W3046301444","https://openalex.org/W3080136191","https://openalex.org/W3094424572","https://openalex.org/W3096785379","https://openalex.org/W3097981673","https://openalex.org/W3103292573","https://openalex.org/W3105274027","https://openalex.org/W3123159599","https://openalex.org/W3136046080","https://openalex.org/W3153022867","https://openalex.org/W3155184874","https://openalex.org/W3157477139","https://openalex.org/W3160118092","https://openalex.org/W3173069197","https://openalex.org/W3173593876","https://openalex.org/W3174161356","https://openalex.org/W3176786489","https://openalex.org/W3187793325","https://openalex.org/W3197217216","https://openalex.org/W3205334056","https://openalex.org/W3207326900","https://openalex.org/W3214274869","https://openalex.org/W4214582624","https://openalex.org/W4286989576","https://openalex.org/W4288075846","https://openalex.org/W6779950909","https://openalex.org/W6785571875"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2150291671","https://openalex.org/W2013643406","https://openalex.org/W2027972911","https://openalex.org/W4224216661","https://openalex.org/W2157978810","https://openalex.org/W2597809628"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Privacy-preserving":[0],"machine":[1],"learning":[2],"(PPML)":[3],"techniques":[4],"have":[5],"allowed":[6],"remote":[7],"and":[8,98],"private":[9],"inference":[10,34],"for":[11,80],"resource-constrained":[12,74],"internet-of-things":[13],"(IoT)":[14],"devices":[15,87],"on":[16],"the":[17,25,39,44,68,73],"cloud.":[18],"The":[19],"main":[20],"challenge":[21],"in":[22,33,62],"most":[23],"of":[24,41,70],"existing":[26],"PPML":[27],"technologies":[28],"is":[29,52,85],"a":[30,63,94],"severe":[31],"slowdown":[32],"latency":[35,97],"mainly":[36],"due":[37],"to":[38,53,72],"use":[40],"encryption":[42],"during":[43],"computation.":[45],"To":[46],"combat":[47],"this,":[48],"an":[49,57],"emerging":[50],"method":[51],"leverage":[54],"encoding":[55,71,84],"as":[56],"alternative.":[58],"While":[59],"this":[60],"results":[61],"significant":[64],"speedup,":[65],"it":[66],"imposes":[67],"burden":[69],"IoT/edge":[75],"device.":[76],"Despite":[77],"being":[78],"feasible":[79],"simple":[81],"workloads":[82],"where":[83],"lightweight,":[86],"with":[88],"very":[89],"limited":[90],"computational":[91],"capabilities":[92],"face":[93],"tradeoff":[95],"between":[96],"privacy":[99],"when":[100],"performing":[101],"complex":[102],"tasks.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}