{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320519759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3569009.3573117","title":"Ultrasonic Keyboard: A Mid-Air Virtual Qwerty with Ultrasonic Feedback for Virtual Reality","display_name":"Ultrasonic Keyboard: A Mid-Air Virtual Qwerty with Ultrasonic Feedback for Virtual Reality","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320519759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3569009.3573117"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3569009.3573117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3569009.3573117","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062186547","display_name":"Tafadzwa Joseph Dube","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3514-6208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tafadzwa Joseph Dube","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inclusive Interaction Lab, University of California, Merced, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inclusive Interaction Lab, University of California, Merced, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034325005","display_name":"Ahmed Sabbir Arif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8384-4764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Sabbir Arif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inclusive Interaction Lab, University of California, Merced, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inclusive Interaction Lab, University of California, Merced, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062186547"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1725,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86884558,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.871489405632019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7175617218017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.7062616348266602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audio-feedback","display_name":"Audio feedback","score":0.658811628818512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5244269967079163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.48077815771102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.44318854808807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-feedback","display_name":"Visual feedback","score":0.4423600733280182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-loop","display_name":"Feedback loop","score":0.4212297797203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.36487525701522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3293142020702362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.29875463247299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21638551354408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.1928330957889557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.871489405632019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7175617218017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7062616348266602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38956757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716215","display_name":"Audio feedback","level":2,"score":0.658811628818512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5244269967079163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.48077815771102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.44318854808807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020716817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4132092","display_name":"Visual feedback","level":2,"score":0.4423600733280182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186886427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441213","display_name":"Feedback loop","level":2,"score":0.4212297797203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.36487525701522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3293142020702362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.29875463247299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21638551354408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.1928330957889557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3569009.3573117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3569009.3573117","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521250003","https://openalex.org/W1535609573","https://openalex.org/W2008181407","https://openalex.org/W2028086564","https://openalex.org/W2051678457","https://openalex.org/W2054084216","https://openalex.org/W2093013110","https://openalex.org/W2099287431","https://openalex.org/W2103751734","https://openalex.org/W2123917150","https://openalex.org/W2137864660","https://openalex.org/W2151905266","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2159203809","https://openalex.org/W2397519240","https://openalex.org/W2472405374","https://openalex.org/W2520811545","https://openalex.org/W2532372538","https://openalex.org/W2602760996","https://openalex.org/W2602934762","https://openalex.org/W2611884502","https://openalex.org/W2611904979","https://openalex.org/W2754253996","https://openalex.org/W2795428663","https://openalex.org/W2795625669","https://openalex.org/W2805643977","https://openalex.org/W2806113376","https://openalex.org/W2807461221","https://openalex.org/W2899054927","https://openalex.org/W2943127320","https://openalex.org/W2958071626","https://openalex.org/W2960243907","https://openalex.org/W2963044735","https://openalex.org/W2964249765","https://openalex.org/W2967460443","https://openalex.org/W2967596930","https://openalex.org/W2968165865","https://openalex.org/W2968299162","https://openalex.org/W2969532307","https://openalex.org/W2980899416","https://openalex.org/W2988878602","https://openalex.org/W3000257834","https://openalex.org/W3025955735","https://openalex.org/W3028766400","https://openalex.org/W3030070733","https://openalex.org/W3031035697","https://openalex.org/W3031549522","https://openalex.org/W3032096386","https://openalex.org/W3090435801","https://openalex.org/W3091879132","https://openalex.org/W3094153632","https://openalex.org/W3095362670","https://openalex.org/W3096260692","https://openalex.org/W3111120281","https://openalex.org/W3111204420","https://openalex.org/W3160155271","https://openalex.org/W3163397000","https://openalex.org/W4225097421","https://openalex.org/W4308991192"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348224808","https://openalex.org/W4309505616","https://openalex.org/W603544797","https://openalex.org/W2727515034","https://openalex.org/W4229007140","https://openalex.org/W4387543560","https://openalex.org/W1509997393","https://openalex.org/W1995627838","https://openalex.org/W2106472933","https://openalex.org/W2972043324"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Free-hand":[0],"mid-air":[1,50,93],"Qwerty":[2,94],"enables":[3],"entering":[4],"text":[5],"in":[6,102,133],"virtual":[7],"reality":[8],"without":[9,97],"the":[10,30,77,134,142],"use":[11],"of":[12,32],"controllers.":[13],"However,":[14],"it":[15,127],"is":[16],"much":[17],"slower":[18],"and":[19,35,59,61,87,96,116,130,144,150],"more":[20],"error":[21,118],"prone":[22],"than":[23],"its":[24],"physical":[25],"counterpart,":[26],"primarily":[27],"due":[28],"to":[29],"absence":[31],"haptic":[33,47,109],"feedback":[34,48,52,63,81,101,110],"reduced":[36],"spatial":[37,131],"awareness.":[38],"In":[39,73],"this":[40],"paper,":[41],"we":[42],"design":[43],"three":[44],"different":[45],"ultrasonic":[46],"for":[49],"Qwerty:":[51],"only":[53],"on":[54,56],"keypress,":[55,60],"both":[57,85],"touch":[58,78,98],"gradual":[62],"that":[64,108,126],"increases":[65],"intensity":[66],"as":[67],"users":[68],"push":[69],"down":[70],"a":[71,74,92,103,138],"key.":[72],"pilot":[75],"study,":[76],"&":[79,99],"press":[80,100],"performed":[82],"significantly":[83,145],"better":[84],"quantitatively":[86],"qualitatively.":[88],"We":[89],"then":[90],"compare":[91],"with":[95,141],"user":[104],"study.":[105],"Results":[106],"revealed":[107],"improves":[111,128],"entry":[112],"speed":[113],"by":[114,120,136],"16%":[115],"reduces":[117,146],"rate":[119],"26%.":[121],"Besides,":[122],"most":[123],"participants":[124],"feel":[125],"presence":[129],"awareness":[132],"virtual-world":[135],"maintaining":[137],"higher":[139],"consistency":[140],"real-world,":[143],"mental":[147],"demand,":[148],"effort,":[149],"frustration.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
