{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307169119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568676","title":"A Multi-type Classifier Ensemble for Detecting Fake Reviews Through Textual-based Feature Extraction","display_name":"A Multi-type Classifier Ensemble for Detecting Fake Reviews Through Textual-based Feature Extraction","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307169119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568676"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3568676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97833917","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet Technology","issn_l":"1533-5399","issn":["1533-5399","1557-6051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://funes.uniandes.edu.co/20058/1/DalLago2004Encuentros.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000299656","display_name":"Gregorius Satia Budhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-7399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114202661","display_name":"Petra Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/045e97x26","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114202661"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gregorius Satia Budhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Physical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia, and Informatics Department, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-7399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Physical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia, and Informatics Department, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114202661"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027845071","display_name":"Raymond Chiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8285-1903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond Chiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Physical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8285-1903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Physical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000299656"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114202661"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8229,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94239865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8607555627822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.7753509283065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.7120147943496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6473768353462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-subspace-method","display_name":"Random subspace method","score":0.5962494611740112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5737789273262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.5287639498710632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascading-classifiers","display_name":"Cascading classifiers","score":0.4701070189476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38738203048706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3378027081489563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8607555627822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7753509283065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.7120147943496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6473768353462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106135958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291993","display_name":"Random subspace method","level":3,"score":0.5962494611740112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5737789273262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.5287639498710632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40651066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048220","display_name":"Cascading classifiers","level":4,"score":0.4701070189476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38738203048706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3378027081489563}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3568676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97833917","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet Technology","issn_l":"1533-5399","issn":["1533-5399","1557-6051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:20058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://funes.uniandes.edu.co/20058/1/DalLago2004Encuentros.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401736","display_name":"UKM Journal Article Repository (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","host_organization_name":"National University of Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rune.une.edu.au:1959.11/61348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1959.11/61348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055448","display_name":"RUNE (Research UNE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:uon:50412","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1479925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196471","display_name":"NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","host_organization_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:20058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://funes.uniandes.edu.co/20058/1/DalLago2004Encuentros.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401736","display_name":"UKM Journal Article Repository (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","host_organization_name":"National University of Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307169119.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W580075149","https://openalex.org/W628672609","https://openalex.org/W961659484","https://openalex.org/W965920791","https://openalex.org/W1588100052","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1977764012","https://openalex.org/W1979504415","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2019851168","https://openalex.org/W2039530600","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2150884987","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2154642048","https://openalex.org/W2167917621","https://openalex.org/W2220384803","https://openalex.org/W2244486986","https://openalex.org/W2251645975","https://openalex.org/W2306432270","https://openalex.org/W2340809461","https://openalex.org/W2400968813","https://openalex.org/W2487326407","https://openalex.org/W2487586139","https://openalex.org/W2514892918","https://openalex.org/W2554367394","https://openalex.org/W2559090303","https://openalex.org/W2561920916","https://openalex.org/W2569238137","https://openalex.org/W2591945600","https://openalex.org/W2733628661","https://openalex.org/W2754587509","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2787461849","https://openalex.org/W2794855269","https://openalex.org/W2795296342","https://openalex.org/W2799735151","https://openalex.org/W2799915114","https://openalex.org/W2800318991","https://openalex.org/W2804338221","https://openalex.org/W2808332184","https://openalex.org/W2897993092","https://openalex.org/W2898743891","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2917186335","https://openalex.org/W2921404976","https://openalex.org/W2941394980","https://openalex.org/W3004732066","https://openalex.org/W3009436785","https://openalex.org/W3014572588","https://openalex.org/W3040677064","https://openalex.org/W3040893625","https://openalex.org/W3045826573","https://openalex.org/W3106991929","https://openalex.org/W3119075751","https://openalex.org/W3120963462","https://openalex.org/W3126276273","https://openalex.org/W3129055730","https://openalex.org/W3145559346","https://openalex.org/W3146246221","https://openalex.org/W3162632106","https://openalex.org/W4200341965","https://openalex.org/W4206583545","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4224245326","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4242614154","https://openalex.org/W4289656276","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046975922","https://openalex.org/W2388864896","https://openalex.org/W1933712933","https://openalex.org/W2407804800","https://openalex.org/W2057416691","https://openalex.org/W4256395896","https://openalex.org/W2117265009","https://openalex.org/W2913388591","https://openalex.org/W2968660735","https://openalex.org/W2245276335"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,87],"financial":[1],"impact":[2],"of":[3,48,67,89,112,133,142,162],"online":[4,54],"reviews":[5,15],"has":[6],"prompted":[7],"some":[8],"fraudulent":[9],"sellers":[10],"to":[11,51,149],"generate":[12],"fake":[13,53,99],"consumer":[14,55],"for":[16,117],"either":[17],"promoting":[18],"their":[19],"products":[20],"or":[21,155],"discrediting":[22],"competing":[23],"products.":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26,125],"study,":[27],"we":[28],"propose":[29],"a":[30,40],"novel":[31],"ensemble":[32,59,72,108],"model\u2014the":[33],"Multi-type":[34],"Classifier":[35],"Ensemble":[36],"(MtCE)":[37],"\u2014combined":[38],"with":[39],"textual-based":[41],"featuring":[42],"method,":[43],"which":[44],"is":[45],"relatively":[46],"independent":[47],"the":[49,64,94,119,131,139,147,160,163],"system,":[50],"detect":[52,98],"reviews.":[56],"Unlike":[57],"other":[58,105,115],"models":[60],"that":[61,93,102],"utilise":[62],"only":[63],"same":[65],"type":[66],"single":[68,106],"classifier,":[69],"our":[70,90],"proposed":[71,164],"utilises":[73],"several":[74],"customised":[75],"machine":[76],"learning":[77,81],"classifiers":[78],"(including":[79],"deep":[80],"models)":[82],"as":[83,136],"its":[84],"base":[85,143],"classifiers.":[86],"results":[88],"experiments":[91],"show":[92],"MtCE":[95],"can":[96,157],"adequately":[97],"reviews,":[100],"and":[101,107,114,146],"it":[103],"outperforms":[104],"methods":[109],"in":[110,124],"terms":[111],"accuracy":[113],"measurements":[116],"all":[118],"relevant":[120],"public":[121],"datasets":[122],"used":[123],"study.":[126],"Moreover,":[127],"if":[128],"set":[129],"correctly,":[130],"parameters":[132],"MtCE,":[134],"such":[135],"base-classifier":[137],"types,":[138],"total":[140],"number":[141],"classifiers,":[144],"bootstrap,":[145],"method":[148],"vote":[150],"on":[151],"output":[152],"(e.g.,":[153],"majority":[154],"priority),":[156],"further":[158],"improve":[159],"performance":[161],"ensemble.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}