{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313547821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568444.3568450","title":"PIN Scrambler: Assessing the Impact of Randomized Layouts on the Usability and Security of PINs","display_name":"PIN Scrambler: Assessing the Impact of Randomized Layouts on the Usability and Security of PINs","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313547821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568444.3568450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3568444.3568450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568444.3568450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407085902","display_name":"International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/50550.html>,","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daniel Kirkwood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-6726","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-6726"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Kirkwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-6726","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003907402","display_name":"Cagdas Tombul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4224-7963","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4224-7963"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cagdas Tombul","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4224-7963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007565224","display_name":"Calum Firth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-2605","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-2605"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Calum Firth","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-2605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069993410","display_name":"Finn Macdonald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-238X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-238X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Finn Macdonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-238X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082579896","display_name":"Konstantinos Priftis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7906-1102","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7906-1102"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Priftis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7906-1102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054782252","display_name":"Florian Mathis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-3410","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-3410"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Mathis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-3410","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001935352","display_name":"Mohamed Khamis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-5200","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-5200"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Khamis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-5200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087905953","display_name":"Karola Marky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-9642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-9642"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karola Marky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz University Hannover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-9642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz University Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9648,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77482346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"83","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pin-entry","display_name":"PIN entry","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"usability","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-computing","display_name":"security (computing)","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shoulder-surfing","display_name":"shoulder surfing","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-attacks","display_name":"thermal attacks","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entry-time","display_name":"entry time","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-security","display_name":"physical security","score":0.33799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.907179594039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780140372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2009740","display_name":"Keypad","level":2,"score":0.7758125066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.649373471736908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41243425011634827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3154362738132477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2252652943134308}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3568444.3568450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568444.3568450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407085902","display_name":"International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:282931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/50550.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:282931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/50550.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2338727396","display_name":"TAPS: Assessing, Mitigating and Raising Awareness of the Security and Privacy Risks of Thermal Imaging","funder_award_id":"EP/V008870/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G521268540","display_name":"PETRAS 2","funder_award_id":"EP/S035362/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G547870209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V008870/1, EP/S035362/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309148","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Technology Industry Council, Oregon University System"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5816251574","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V008870/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309148","display_name":"Engineering and Technology Industry Council, Oregon University System","ror":"https://ror.org/00r9g7t11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320332","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320337","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073947527","https://openalex.org/W2078483465","https://openalex.org/W2085592842","https://openalex.org/W2125713393","https://openalex.org/W2153245338","https://openalex.org/W2159837114","https://openalex.org/W2164940355","https://openalex.org/W2610295646","https://openalex.org/W2611149039","https://openalex.org/W2759738317","https://openalex.org/W2771667991","https://openalex.org/W2908463829","https://openalex.org/W2912115214","https://openalex.org/W2925198140","https://openalex.org/W3081641119","https://openalex.org/W3085838620","https://openalex.org/W3188197801","https://openalex.org/W3191598837","https://openalex.org/W4281959331","https://openalex.org/W4289038676","https://openalex.org/W4296130367","https://openalex.org/W4297156542"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4246488341","https://openalex.org/W2538700141","https://openalex.org/W6944106","https://openalex.org/W1985000680","https://openalex.org/W4240903701","https://openalex.org/W2033703371","https://openalex.org/W2124269292","https://openalex.org/W1989791903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Randomizing":[0],"the":[1,4,11,32,45,55],"layout":[2,56],"of":[3,13,23],"keypad":[5],"has":[6,18,67],"been":[7,19],"proposed":[8],"to":[9,40,59,84],"improve":[10,95],"security":[12,37,96],"PIN":[14,42],"entry.":[15],"However,":[16],"there":[17],"no":[20],"empirical":[21],"quantification":[22],"its":[24],"impact":[25,71,99],"on":[26,72,100],"usability":[27,34],"and":[28,36,62,66],"security.":[29],"We":[30,88],"present":[31],"first":[33],"(N=17)":[35],"(N=24)":[38],"evaluations":[39],"compare":[41],"entry":[43,73,78],"with":[44,97],"standard":[46],"vs":[47],"randomized":[48],"layout.":[49],"Our":[50],"results":[51],"show":[52],"that":[53],"randomizing":[54],"increases":[57,77],"resistance":[58],"shoulder":[60],"surfing":[61],"thermal":[63],"attacks":[64],"significantly,":[65],"a":[68],"very":[69],"minor":[70],"accuracy,":[74],"but":[75],"it":[76],"time":[79],"(from":[80],"\u2248":[81,85],"1.4":[82],"seconds":[83],"2":[86],"seconds).":[87],"discuss":[89],"how":[90],"this":[91],"simple":[92],"approach":[93],"can":[94],"little":[98],"usability.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-05T09:50:58.205359","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}