{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307985155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568024","title":"Communicating Missing Causal Information to Explain a Robot\u2019s Past Behavior","display_name":"Communicating Missing Causal Information to Explain a Robot\u2019s Past Behavior","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307985155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3568024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568024","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3568024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193251","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","issn_l":"2573-9522","issn":["2573-9522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3568024","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101670508","display_name":"Han Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8243-7411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8243-7411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088817604","display_name":"Holly A. Yanco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9962-5865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holly Yanco","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9962-5865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101670508"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1092,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81784352,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6868168115615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6568925976753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6441800594329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5538967251777649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5477281808853149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5083240866661072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5012695789337158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.43115097284317017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3616824150085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3194650709629059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10574644804000854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6868168115615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6568925976753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6441800594329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5538967251777649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5477281808853149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5083240866661072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5012695789337158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.43115097284317017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3616824150085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3194650709629059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10574644804000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3568024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568024","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3568024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193251","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","issn_l":"2573-9522","issn":["2573-9522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3568024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568024","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3568024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193251","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","issn_l":"2573-9522","issn":["2573-9522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7953641807","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-18-1-2503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310862","display_name":"Colorado School of Mines","ror":"https://ror.org/04raf6v53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307985155.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307985155.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515145374","https://openalex.org/W1557496348","https://openalex.org/W1598140581","https://openalex.org/W1751198022","https://openalex.org/W1982920857","https://openalex.org/W1987078509","https://openalex.org/W1992154343","https://openalex.org/W2001124381","https://openalex.org/W2011652428","https://openalex.org/W2019262081","https://openalex.org/W2020785866","https://openalex.org/W2034637247","https://openalex.org/W2035346816","https://openalex.org/W2038041609","https://openalex.org/W2048733185","https://openalex.org/W2057055543","https://openalex.org/W2060245136","https://openalex.org/W2066622421","https://openalex.org/W2073330189","https://openalex.org/W2086054317","https://openalex.org/W2087484885","https://openalex.org/W2097625105","https://openalex.org/W2109120348","https://openalex.org/W2109334348","https://openalex.org/W2118790266","https://openalex.org/W2125808282","https://openalex.org/W2127698337","https://openalex.org/W2136354320","https://openalex.org/W2146565132","https://openalex.org/W2153000379","https://openalex.org/W2156324385","https://openalex.org/W2160172765","https://openalex.org/W2288655165","https://openalex.org/W2482930691","https://openalex.org/W2519091744","https://openalex.org/W2545274401","https://openalex.org/W2575065550","https://openalex.org/W2594093535","https://openalex.org/W2594336441","https://openalex.org/W2605262610","https://openalex.org/W2615896489","https://openalex.org/W2617211984","https://openalex.org/W2734216264","https://openalex.org/W2769132883","https://openalex.org/W2779206865","https://openalex.org/W2785859276","https://openalex.org/W2789347656","https://openalex.org/W2792409171","https://openalex.org/W2883608792","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2898372930","https://openalex.org/W2907477842","https://openalex.org/W2907652928","https://openalex.org/W2932564453","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2972345724","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2989779692","https://openalex.org/W2995523160","https://openalex.org/W3010240079","https://openalex.org/W3010330353","https://openalex.org/W3014159888","https://openalex.org/W3036069040","https://openalex.org/W3091336547","https://openalex.org/W3092414242","https://openalex.org/W3105448604","https://openalex.org/W3134655704","https://openalex.org/W3135612182","https://openalex.org/W3145123113","https://openalex.org/W3147079603","https://openalex.org/W3177728157","https://openalex.org/W3180252218","https://openalex.org/W3197090054","https://openalex.org/W3198991573","https://openalex.org/W3199020598","https://openalex.org/W3205062082","https://openalex.org/W4226210603","https://openalex.org/W4238869533","https://openalex.org/W4245181573","https://openalex.org/W4280533890","https://openalex.org/W4286965430","https://openalex.org/W4312282488","https://openalex.org/W4320812260","https://openalex.org/W6785696752","https://openalex.org/W6819083493"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794103424","https://openalex.org/W4245435724","https://openalex.org/W1996530509","https://openalex.org/W3028317537","https://openalex.org/W2389515972","https://openalex.org/W2055301889","https://openalex.org/W2732813147","https://openalex.org/W2110944602","https://openalex.org/W3213722473","https://openalex.org/W2143460112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robots":[0],"need":[1],"to":[2,6,26,43,49,113,147],"explain":[3],"their":[4],"behavior":[5,75],"gain":[7],"trust.":[8,179],"Existing":[9],"research":[10],"has":[11],"focused":[12],"on":[13,133],"explaining":[14],"a":[15,39,61,121],"robot\u2019s":[16,40,161],"current":[17],"behavior,":[18],"yet":[19,23],"it":[20],"remains":[21],"unknown":[22],"challenging":[24],"how":[25,60],"provide":[27],"explanations":[28],"of":[29,90,96],"past":[30,74,162],"actions":[31],"in":[32,170],"an":[33,54,97,116],"environment":[34],"that":[35],"might":[36],"change":[37],"after":[38],"actions,":[41],"leading":[42],"critical":[44],"missing":[45,68,152],"causal":[46,69,153],"information":[47,70,83,154],"due":[48],"moved":[50],"objects.":[51],"We":[52],"conducted":[53],"experiment":[55],"(N":[56],"=":[57],"665)":[58],"investigating":[59],"robot":[62,92],"could":[63],"help":[64,148],"participants":[65,111],"infer":[66,114,149],"the":[67,73,85,91,103,105,128,134,151,160,167],"by":[71],"replaying":[72,93],"physically,":[76],"using":[77],"verbal":[78,194],"explanations,":[79],"and":[80,126,143,157,174,178,193],"projecting":[81],"visual":[82],"onto":[84],"environment.":[86],"Participants":[87],"watched":[88],"videos":[89],"its":[94],"completion":[95],"integrated":[98],"mobile":[99],"kitting":[100],"task.":[101],"During":[102],"replay,":[104],"objects":[106],"are":[107],"already":[108],"gone,":[109],"so":[110],"needed":[112],"where":[115,120,127],"object":[117,129],"was":[118,130],"picked,":[119],"ground":[122],"obstacle":[123],"had":[124,166],"been,":[125],"placed.":[131],"Based":[132],"results,":[135],"we":[136,186],"recommend":[137,187],"combining":[138],"physical":[139],"replay":[140],"with":[141],"speech":[142],"projection":[144,188],"indicators":[145],"(Replay-Project-Say)":[146],"all":[150],"(picking,":[155],"navigation,":[156],"placement)":[158],"from":[159],"actions.":[163],"This":[164],"condition":[165],"best":[168],"outcome":[169],"both":[171],"task-based\u2014effectiveness,":[172],"efficiency,":[173,184],"confidence\u2014and":[175],"team-based":[176],"metrics\u2014workload":[177],"If":[180],"one\u2019s":[181],"focus":[182],"is":[183],"then":[185],"markers":[189,195],"for":[190,196],"navigation":[191],"inferences":[192],"placing":[197],"inferences.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}