{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307823733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3559613.3563207","title":"Padding-only Defenses Add Delay in Tor","display_name":"Padding-only Defenses Add Delay in Tor","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307823733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3559613.3563207"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3559613.3563207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3559613.3563207","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080909117","display_name":"Ethan Witwer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8038-5693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Witwer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033030368","display_name":"James K Holland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5449-3687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James K. Holland","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051550317","display_name":"Nicholas Hopper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-9587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Hopper","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"29","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/padding","display_name":"Padding","score":0.9545347690582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8095219731330872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.7256742715835571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.6526198983192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5957064032554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5235754251480103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5053148865699768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.46334606409072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queuing-delay","display_name":"Queuing delay","score":0.4535086154937744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.44989272952079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4485017657279968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.141008198261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.11226746439933777}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165435473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509884","display_name":"Padding","level":2,"score":0.9545347690582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8095219731330872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.7256742715835571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.6526198983192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5957064032554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5235754251480103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5053148865699768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.46334606409072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196095461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576842","display_name":"Queuing delay","level":3,"score":0.4535086154937744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.44989272952079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4485017657279968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.141008198261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.11226746439933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3559613.3563207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3559613.3563207","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7089631117","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Small: Models and Measurements for Website Fingerprinting","funder_award_id":"1815757","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521422460","https://openalex.org/W1567366855","https://openalex.org/W1993568446","https://openalex.org/W2012210084","https://openalex.org/W2021949962","https://openalex.org/W2108217512","https://openalex.org/W2120702739","https://openalex.org/W2170085959","https://openalex.org/W2269460187","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2485000773","https://openalex.org/W2538520193","https://openalex.org/W2783301790","https://openalex.org/W2896133229","https://openalex.org/W2904074304","https://openalex.org/W2963704216","https://openalex.org/W2964602598","https://openalex.org/W2999498625","https://openalex.org/W3026365289","https://openalex.org/W3047194494","https://openalex.org/W3103367901","https://openalex.org/W3169619208","https://openalex.org/W3213462624","https://openalex.org/W4288057746","https://openalex.org/W4299301436","https://openalex.org/W6637080381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2142641794","https://openalex.org/W2946726629","https://openalex.org/W4384947563","https://openalex.org/W4231428344","https://openalex.org/W4322753435","https://openalex.org/W4243974052","https://openalex.org/W4315882065","https://openalex.org/W4244331477","https://openalex.org/W4236539272","https://openalex.org/W2398053789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Website":[0],"fingerprinting":[1],"is":[2,74],"an":[3],"attack":[4,37],"that":[5,91,100,122],"uses":[6],"size":[7],"and":[8],"timing":[9,68],"characteristics":[10],"of":[11,25,50,53,56,63],"encrypted":[12],"downloads":[13],"to":[14,33,66,76],"identify":[15],"targeted":[16],"websites.":[17],"Since":[18],"this":[19,36],"can":[20],"defeat":[21],"the":[22,44,54,61,89],"privacy":[23],"goals":[24],"anonymity":[26],"networks":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29,80],"Tor,":[30],"many":[31,82],"algorithms":[32,47],"defend":[34],"against":[35],"in":[38,43,88],"Tor":[39,73],"have":[40],"been":[41],"proposed":[42],"literature.":[45],"These":[46],"typically":[48],"consist":[49],"some":[51],"combination":[52],"injection":[55],"dummy":[57],"\"padding''":[58],"packets":[59,65],"with":[60],"delay":[62,108],"actual":[64],"disrupt":[67],"patterns.":[69],"For":[70],"usability":[71],"reasons,":[72],"intended":[75],"provide":[77],"low":[78],"latency;":[79],"such,":[81],"authors":[83],"focus":[84],"on":[85],"padding-only":[86,105],"defenses":[87,106,124],"belief":[90],"they":[92,113],"are":[93],"\"zero-delay.''":[94,118],"We":[95,119],"demonstrate":[96],"through":[97],"Shadow":[98],"simulations":[99],"by":[101],"increasing":[102],"queue":[103],"lengths,":[104],"add":[107],"when":[109],"deployed":[110],"network-wide,":[111],"so":[112],"should":[114,125],"not":[115],"be":[116,127],"considered":[117],"further":[120],"argue":[121],"future":[123],"also":[126],"evaluated":[128],"using":[129],"network-wide":[130],"deployment":[131],"simulations.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
