{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292092805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3556979","title":"The Transparency of Automatic Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools: Design Criteria, State of the Art, and User Perception","display_name":"The Transparency of Automatic Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools: Design Criteria, State of the Art, and User Perception","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292092805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3556979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3556979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3556979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79551877","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","issn_l":"1936-7228","issn":["1936-7228","1936-7236"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://openportal.isti.cnr.it/doc?id=people______::73da305532cb6e110d154cd8f173f2f4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030883152","display_name":"Marco Manca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1029-9934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Manca","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-ISTI, HIIS Laboratory, Via Moruzzi, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1029-9934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-ISTI, HIIS Laboratory, Via Moruzzi, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034820593","display_name":"Vanessa Palumbo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8008-2090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanessa Palumbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-ISTI, HIIS Laboratory, Via Moruzzi, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8008-2090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-ISTI, HIIS Laboratory, Via Moruzzi, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042506670","display_name":"Fabio Patern\u00f2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-6909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Patern\u00f2","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-ISTI, HIIS Laboratory, Via Moruzzi, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-6909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-ISTI, HIIS Laboratory, Via Moruzzi, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054271510","display_name":"Carmen Santoro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-7538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmen Santoro","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-ISTI, HIIS Laboratory, Via Moruzzi, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-7538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-ISTI, HIIS Laboratory, Via Moruzzi, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.4856,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98934642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12207","display_name":"Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility","score":0.9401999711990356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-accessibility","display_name":"Web accessibility","score":0.8273520469665527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7870738506317139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.7440139055252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screen-reader","display_name":"Screen reader","score":0.5794671177864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5509530305862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.5486900210380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5034052729606628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-accessibility-initiative","display_name":"Web Accessibility Initiative","score":0.4455283582210541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.43276673555374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.4272160828113556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.42280739545822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalization","display_name":"Personalization","score":0.4115835726261139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-standards","display_name":"Web standards","score":0.34609872102737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-service","display_name":"Web service","score":0.2326602041721344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-development","display_name":"Web development","score":0.18054774403572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visually-impaired","display_name":"Visually impaired","score":0.14498749375343323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application-security","display_name":"Web application security","score":0.10799562931060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10367158055305481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194669863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808932","display_name":"Web accessibility","level":4,"score":0.8273520469665527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7870738506317139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.7440139055252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778535757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328864","display_name":"Screen reader","level":3,"score":0.5794671177864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5509530305862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.5486900210380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5034052729606628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197973564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q636020","display_name":"Web Accessibility Initiative","level":5,"score":0.4455283582210541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.43276673555374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.4272160828113556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42280739545822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.4115835726261139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182321512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153289","display_name":"Web standards","level":3,"score":0.34609872102737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.2326602041721344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.18054774403572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020106864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visually impaired","level":2,"score":0.14498749375343323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59241245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Web application security","level":4,"score":0.10799562931060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10367158055305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3556979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3556979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79551877","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","issn_l":"1936-7228","issn":["1936-7228","1936-7236"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:people______::73da305532cb6e110d154cd8f173f2f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://openportal.isti.cnr.it/doc?id=people______::73da305532cb6e110d154cd8f173f2f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM transactions on accessible computing (2022). doi:10.1145/3556979","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:people______::73da305532cb6e110d154cd8f173f2f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://openportal.isti.cnr.it/doc?id=people______::73da305532cb6e110d154cd8f173f2f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM transactions on accessible computing (2022). doi:10.1145/3556979","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W141142442","https://openalex.org/W1558046676","https://openalex.org/W1924549999","https://openalex.org/W1964469983","https://openalex.org/W1980691776","https://openalex.org/W1989770505","https://openalex.org/W1997907270","https://openalex.org/W2027865869","https://openalex.org/W2033946791","https://openalex.org/W2059464277","https://openalex.org/W2062015732","https://openalex.org/W2068293943","https://openalex.org/W2090571912","https://openalex.org/W2099126513","https://openalex.org/W2104465691","https://openalex.org/W2108059865","https://openalex.org/W2165946857","https://openalex.org/W2248954145","https://openalex.org/W2477901475","https://openalex.org/W2746905041","https://openalex.org/W2904660930","https://openalex.org/W2940812472","https://openalex.org/W2948335567","https://openalex.org/W2948781657","https://openalex.org/W2951763268","https://openalex.org/W2999765337","https://openalex.org/W3021504053","https://openalex.org/W3081986719","https://openalex.org/W3104847483","https://openalex.org/W3129064111","https://openalex.org/W3134985189","https://openalex.org/W3161986465","https://openalex.org/W3163986502","https://openalex.org/W6763562331"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2766074951","https://openalex.org/W2159472163","https://openalex.org/W1598466475","https://openalex.org/W2501369515","https://openalex.org/W2362566723","https://openalex.org/W2885182390","https://openalex.org/W2506999362","https://openalex.org/W1963742189","https://openalex.org/W2892102817","https://openalex.org/W4386977185"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"Web":[1,190],"accessibility":[2,15,28,133,150,193,210],"evaluation":[3,29,134],"tools":[4,30,40,76,106],"have":[5,140],"been":[6,141],"put":[7],"forward":[8],"to":[9,107,111],"reduce":[10],"the":[11,35,51,57,64,85,156,170,189,196,203],"burden":[12],"of":[13,67,147,158,164,173,198,205,209],"identifying":[14],"barriers":[16],"for":[17,75,104,128],"users,":[18],"especially":[19],"those":[20],"with":[21,161,184,195],"disabilities.":[22],"One":[23],"common":[24],"issue":[25],"in":[26,31,102,188],"using":[27],"practice":[32],"is":[33,72],"that":[34,77],"results":[36,157],"provided":[37],"by":[38,143],"different":[39],"are":[41],"sometimes":[42],"unclear,":[43],"and":[44,61,84,88,110,131,136],"often":[45],"diverging.":[46],"Such":[47],"limitations":[48],"may":[49,54],"confuse":[50],"users":[52,113,163,186],"who":[53],"not":[55],"understand":[56],"reasons":[58],"behind":[59],"them,":[60],"thus":[62],"hamper":[63],"possible":[65],"adoption":[66],"such":[68,105,123,165],"tools.":[69,151,211],"Hence,":[70],"there":[71],"a":[73,144,159,181,206],"need":[74],"shed":[78],"light":[79],"on":[80,155],"their":[81,116],"actual":[82],"functioning,":[83],"success":[86],"criteria":[87,98,127],"techniques":[89],"supported.":[90],"For":[91],"this":[92,119],"purpose,":[93],"we":[94,121,179],"must":[95],"identify":[96],"what":[97],"should":[99],"be":[100,108],"adopted":[101],"order":[103],"transparent":[109,132],"help":[112],"better":[114],"interpret":[115],"results.":[117],"In":[118],"paper,":[120],"discuss":[122],"issues,":[124],"provide":[125],"design":[126,191],"obtaining":[129],"user-centred":[130],"tools,":[135,166],"analyse":[137],"how":[138],"they":[139],"addressed":[142],"representative":[145],"set":[146],"open,":[148],"license-free,":[149],"We":[152],"also":[153],"report":[154],"survey":[160],"138":[162],"aimed":[167],"at":[168],"capturing":[169],"perceived":[171],"usefulness":[172],"previously":[174],"identified":[175],"transparency":[176,204],"requirements.":[177],"Finally,":[178],"performed":[180],"user":[182],"study":[183],"18":[185],"working":[187],"or":[192],"fields":[194],"goal":[197],"receiving":[199],"more":[200],"feedback":[201],"about":[202],"selected":[207],"subset":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
