{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309619001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3555205","title":"Nationalizing the Internet to Break a Protest Movement: Internet Shutdown and Counter-Appropriation in Iran of Late 2019","display_name":"Nationalizing the Internet to Break a Protest Movement: Internet Shutdown and Counter-Appropriation in Iran of Late 2019","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309619001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3555205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3555205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3555205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018077052","display_name":"Margarita Grinko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6244-1931"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Margarita Grinko","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute for Socio-Informatics, Bonn, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute for Socio-Informatics, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039457366","display_name":"Sarvin Qalandar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2120-1437"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarvin Qalandar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zentrum f\u00fcr Digitalisierung S\u00fcdwestfalen, Siegen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Digitalisierung S\u00fcdwestfalen, Siegen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054544110","display_name":"Dave Randall","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223464139","display_name":"Linnaeus University","ror":"https://ror.org/00j9qag85","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223464139"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dave Randall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Linnaeus University, Vaxjo, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Linnaeus University, Vaxjo, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223464139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011933120","display_name":"Volker Wulf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1214-1551"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Volker Wulf","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute for Socio-Informatics, Bonn, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute for Socio-Informatics, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018077052"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9802,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96145652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"CSCW2","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9128999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appropriation","display_name":"Appropriation","score":0.8333190083503723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shutdown","display_name":"Shutdown","score":0.822649359703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.7106367349624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.5649542212486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.49237000942230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4740937650203705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.42861756682395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-economy","display_name":"Political economy","score":0.38979601860046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.37798160314559937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-studies","display_name":"Media studies","score":0.33934664726257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32408708333969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3007127046585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.191096693277359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.12700873613357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.07235938310623169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776931063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781738","display_name":"Appropriation","level":2,"score":0.8333190083503723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780263472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331902","display_name":"Shutdown","level":2,"score":0.822649359703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.7106367349624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5649542212486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.49237000942230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4740937650203705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42861756682395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.38979601860046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.37798160314559937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.33934664726257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32408708333969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3007127046585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.191096693277359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12700873613357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.07235938310623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3555205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3555205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113812880","https://openalex.org/W1484268574","https://openalex.org/W1560262756","https://openalex.org/W1979659221","https://openalex.org/W1993329468","https://openalex.org/W1995535323","https://openalex.org/W2012537184","https://openalex.org/W2024201544","https://openalex.org/W2028839386","https://openalex.org/W2036765416","https://openalex.org/W2063658850","https://openalex.org/W2109392336","https://openalex.org/W2114745620","https://openalex.org/W2116494371","https://openalex.org/W2119526359","https://openalex.org/W2128638772","https://openalex.org/W2131080600","https://openalex.org/W2139074879","https://openalex.org/W2149452318","https://openalex.org/W2204116502","https://openalex.org/W2338427565","https://openalex.org/W2341965599","https://openalex.org/W2401599568","https://openalex.org/W2409078268","https://openalex.org/W2518445284","https://openalex.org/W2613040298","https://openalex.org/W2741469941","https://openalex.org/W2741977338","https://openalex.org/W2764268541","https://openalex.org/W2795919475","https://openalex.org/W2796283712","https://openalex.org/W2796871000","https://openalex.org/W2917557788","https://openalex.org/W2927835229","https://openalex.org/W2941229746","https://openalex.org/W2996333209","https://openalex.org/W3005934116","https://openalex.org/W3121893919","https://openalex.org/W3124480923","https://openalex.org/W4235553740","https://openalex.org/W4402650500","https://openalex.org/W6704443321","https://openalex.org/W6999874735","https://openalex.org/W7036013275"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W284773248","https://openalex.org/W3021445509","https://openalex.org/W2387852758","https://openalex.org/W4243903966","https://openalex.org/W4242784450","https://openalex.org/W2341076016","https://openalex.org/W2051172214","https://openalex.org/W2374473947","https://openalex.org/W1603859412","https://openalex.org/W311515923"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,32],"deal":[1],"with":[2,40],"a":[3,8,108],"spontaneous":[4],"civil":[5],"uprising":[6],"following":[7],"substantial":[9],"rise":[10],"in":[11,19,58,101],"gas":[12],"prices,":[13],"the":[14,46,51,54,67,72,86,93,102,121,134],"Iranian":[15],"security":[16],"apparatus":[17],"imposed":[18],"late":[20],"2019":[21],"techno-political":[22],"measures":[23],"and":[24,30,44,70,89,115],"blocked":[25],"access":[26],"to":[27,65,119],"international":[28,125],"websites":[29],"services.":[31],"analyze":[33],"these":[34,129],"measures,":[35,112],"we":[36,131],"conducted":[37],"19":[38],"interviews":[39],"Iranians":[41,96,117],"living":[42],"inside":[43],"outside":[45],"country.":[47],"We":[48,104],"argue":[49],"that":[50],"concept":[52,73,135],"of":[53,74,84,95,110,124,136],"shutdown,":[55],"as":[56],"portrayed":[57],"Western":[59],"media,":[60],"is":[61],"not":[62,99],"perfectly":[63],"suitable":[64],"describe":[66],"infrastructural":[68],"restrictions":[69],"propose":[71],"an":[75,81],"internet":[76],"nationalization.":[77],"This":[78],"paper":[79],"offers":[80],"in-depth":[82],"analysis":[83],"what":[85],"nationalization":[87],"meant":[88],"how":[90],"it":[91],"affected":[92],"lives":[94],"participating":[97,100],"or":[98],"protests.":[103],"also":[105],"report":[106],"on":[107,128,133],"variety":[109],"creative":[111],"both":[113],"technical":[114],"non-technical,":[116],"took":[118],"counter-appropriate":[120],"government-imposed":[122],"shutdown":[123],"connectivity.":[126],"Based":[127],"data,":[130],"elaborate":[132],"counter-appropriation.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
