{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4372266579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3552326.3587458","title":"Unikernel Linux (UKL)","display_name":"Unikernel Linux (UKL)","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4372266579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3552326.3587458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3552326.3587458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3552326.3587458","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth European Conference on Computer Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017931402","display_name":"Ali Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6949-3846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, Boston, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6949-3846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102818550","display_name":"Thomas A. Unger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0969-7679"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Unger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0969-7679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037893732","display_name":"Matthew Boyd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3551-5600"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Boyd","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT CSAIL, Cambridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3551-5600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL, Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026907746","display_name":"Eric B. Munson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5374-550X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric B Munson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5374-550X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028618215","display_name":"Parul Sohal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-6977"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parul Sohal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-6977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006985358","display_name":"Ulrich Drepper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5120-7869"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrich Drepper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Red Hat, N/A, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5120-7869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Red Hat, N/A, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103260580","display_name":"Richard W. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5789-7872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165518","display_name":"Red Hat (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05sm4gx39","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328219102","https://openalex.org/I4210165518"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Red Hat, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5789-7872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Red Hat, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165518"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067634389","display_name":"Daniel Bristot de Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4577-7855"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Bristot De Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Red Hat, Pontedera, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4577-7855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Red Hat, Pontedera, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048332909","display_name":"Larry Woodman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6389-4351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328219102","display_name":"Red Hat (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ncs3316","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328219102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106190","display_name":"Deerfield (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bph6v17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106190"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larry Woodman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Red Hat, Deerfield, NH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6389-4351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Red Hat, Deerfield, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328219102","https://openalex.org/I4210106190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035353750","display_name":"Renato Mancuso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3558-5216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renato Mancuso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, Boston, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3558-5216","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013553389","display_name":"Jonathan Appavoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5594-4263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Appavoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, Boston, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5594-4263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048649001","display_name":"Orran Krieger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1705-2859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Orran Krieger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, Boston, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1705-2859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1299,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96201185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"590","last_page":"605"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.832923412322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linux-kernel","display_name":"Linux kernel","score":0.8264542818069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7743449807167053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebase","display_name":"Codebase","score":0.5680189728736877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5245599746704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.49102139472961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.48840922117233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.44445526599884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypervisor","display_name":"Hypervisor","score":0.437913179397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.40271711349487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.3834775984287262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.26539283990859985}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.832923412322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553261973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579","display_name":"Linux kernel","level":2,"score":0.8264542818069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7743449807167053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51929080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2425187","display_name":"Codebase","level":3,"score":0.5680189728736877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5245599746704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.49102139472961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.48840922117233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44445526599884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.437913179397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.40271711349487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3834775984287262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.26539283990859985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3552326.3587458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3552326.3587458","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth European Conference on Computer Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2102632237","display_name":"InTrans: Modular Security on an Open Cloud","funder_award_id":"1931714","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15883","https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W1214620947","https://openalex.org/W1435010830","https://openalex.org/W1529355856","https://openalex.org/W2100792372","https://openalex.org/W2120939696","https://openalex.org/W2154884316","https://openalex.org/W2160865384","https://openalex.org/W2337381441","https://openalex.org/W2522046390","https://openalex.org/W2601319258","https://openalex.org/W2602660391","https://openalex.org/W2734941459","https://openalex.org/W2738972230","https://openalex.org/W2761578098","https://openalex.org/W2894524164","https://openalex.org/W2901693060","https://openalex.org/W2912686856","https://openalex.org/W2930757500","https://openalex.org/W2940365205","https://openalex.org/W2960814898","https://openalex.org/W2981413263","https://openalex.org/W3008221320","https://openalex.org/W3021115254","https://openalex.org/W3023053109","https://openalex.org/W3103113662","https://openalex.org/W3158610705","https://openalex.org/W4230700489","https://openalex.org/W4248680079","https://openalex.org/W4295749332","https://openalex.org/W6638337918","https://openalex.org/W6679765898","https://openalex.org/W6681145234"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2743348030","https://openalex.org/W2622620488","https://openalex.org/W2976854232","https://openalex.org/W2075174112","https://openalex.org/W3191420428","https://openalex.org/W3179371161","https://openalex.org/W1549854681","https://openalex.org/W4307424580","https://openalex.org/W1555324927","https://openalex.org/W2582326914"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,44],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"Unikernel":[3],"Linux":[4,26,61,140],"(UKL),":[5],"a":[6,15,22,29,55],"path":[7],"toward":[8],"integrating":[9],"unikernel":[10],"optimization":[11],"techniques":[12],"in":[13],"Linux,":[14],"general":[16],"purpose":[17],"operating":[18],"system.":[19],"UKL":[20,45,91,105,110,124],"adds":[21],"configuration":[23],"option":[24],"to":[25,33,138],"allowing":[27],"for":[28,81,89,94],"single,":[30],"optimized":[31],"process":[32,46,106],"link":[34],"with":[35,57,103],"the":[36,73,104,139],"kernel":[37,62,141],"directly,":[38],"and":[39,63,75,116,121,129,132],"run":[40],"at":[41],"supervisor":[42],"privilege.":[43],"does":[47],"not":[48],"require":[49],"application":[50],"source":[51],"code":[52],"modification,":[53],"only":[54],"re-link":[56],"our,":[58],"slightly":[59],"modified,":[60],"glibc.":[64],"Unmodified":[65],"applications":[66,80],"show":[67],"modest":[68,143],"performance":[69],"gains":[70,84],"out":[71],"of":[72,101,118],"box,":[74],"developers":[76],"can":[77],"further":[78],"optimize":[79],"more":[82],"significant":[83],"(e.g.":[85],"26%":[86],"throughput":[87],"improvement":[88],"Redis).":[90],"retains":[92],"support":[93],"co-running":[95],"multiple":[96],"user":[97],"level":[98],"processes":[99],"capable":[100],"communicating":[102],"using":[107],"standard":[108],"IPC.":[109],"preserves":[111],"Linux's":[112],"battle-tested":[113],"codebase,":[114],"community,":[115],"ecosystem":[117],"tools,":[119],"applications,":[120],"hardware":[122],"support.":[123],"runs":[125],"both":[126],"on":[127],"bare-metal":[128],"virtual":[130],"servers":[131],"supports":[133],"multi-core":[134],"execution.":[135],"The":[136],"changes":[137],"are":[142],"(1250":[144],"LOC).":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
