{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4306405472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551624.3555300","title":"Mathematically Quantifying Non-responsiveness of the 2021 Georgia Congressional Districting Plan","display_name":"Mathematically Quantifying Non-responsiveness of the 2021 Georgia Congressional Districting Plan","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4306405472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551624.3555300"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3551624.3555300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551624.3555300","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551624.3555300","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551624.3555300","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009987062","display_name":"Zhanzhan Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhanzhan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063133054","display_name":"Cyrus Hettle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-7704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cyrus Hettle","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055533475","display_name":"Swati Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4513-1568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swati Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000362971","display_name":"Jonathan C. Mattingly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1819-729X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Christopher Mattingly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001088440","display_name":"Dana Randall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1152-2627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dana Randall","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039335591","display_name":"Gregory Herschlag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-6449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Joseph Herschlag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Duke University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Duke University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009987062"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5068,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91465988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redistricting","display_name":"Redistricting","score":0.9748829007148743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gerrymandering","display_name":"Gerrymandering","score":0.9570387601852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5838013291358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.569796085357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apportionment","display_name":"Apportionment","score":0.489374577999115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.48457586765289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4756888151168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.43186354637145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.4258274435997009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislation","display_name":"Legislation","score":0.41326647996902466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.394070029258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.39374443888664246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-administration","display_name":"Public administration","score":0.37015247344970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.22468945384025574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"Democracy","score":0.22157728672027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20731735229492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17164266109466553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778477362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7305983","display_name":"Redistricting","level":3,"score":0.9748829007148743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779910420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476310","display_name":"Gerrymandering","level":4,"score":0.9570387601852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5838013291358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.569796085357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778337684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3173700","display_name":"Apportionment","level":2,"score":0.489374577999115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.48457586765289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4756888151168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.43186354637145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4258274435997009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.41326647996902466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.394070029258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.39374443888664246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.37015247344970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.22468945384025574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.22157728672027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20731735229492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17164266109466553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3551624.3555300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551624.3555300","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551624.3555300","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3551624.3555300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551624.3555300","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551624.3555300","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1386506922","display_name":"AiTF: Collaborative Research: Distributed and Stochastic Algorithms for Active Matter: Theory and Practice","funder_award_id":"1733812","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1478422232","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1613337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3161381640","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"211253","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3735569424","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2106687","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5737073227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMS-1613337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5954070948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5986150752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2112533","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6716825047","display_name":"Collaborative Research: AF: Medium: Markov Chain Algorithms for Problems from  Computer Science, Statistical Physics and Self-Organizing Particle Systems","funder_award_id":"2106687","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7238632903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2112533","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337391","funder_display_name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337391","display_name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/028yd4c30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306405472.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306405472.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977334365","https://openalex.org/W2150927828","https://openalex.org/W2264153165","https://openalex.org/W2404598220","https://openalex.org/W2556392098","https://openalex.org/W2648118557","https://openalex.org/W2792174932","https://openalex.org/W2962701967","https://openalex.org/W3012513771","https://openalex.org/W3042555039","https://openalex.org/W3049086953","https://openalex.org/W3054078662","https://openalex.org/W3122498525","https://openalex.org/W3128536916","https://openalex.org/W3180235780","https://openalex.org/W3206884469","https://openalex.org/W4206619443"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205761282","https://openalex.org/W4210843789","https://openalex.org/W4205674221","https://openalex.org/W3201331143","https://openalex.org/W4220863216","https://openalex.org/W4394174711","https://openalex.org/W2943832880","https://openalex.org/W4293195297","https://openalex.org/W934988769","https://openalex.org/W2037492625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"audit":[1],"political":[2],"district":[3,171],"maps":[4,67,110],"for":[5,13,108,136,156],"partisan":[6,18,210],"gerrymandering,":[7],"one":[8,62],"may":[9],"determine":[10],"a":[11,36,49,124,128],"baseline":[12],"the":[14,53,69,120,137,150,166,192,209,213,220,223,228],"expected":[15],"distribution":[16,51],"of":[17,24,55,66,97,152,170,212,222,227],"outcomes":[19],"by":[20],"sampling":[21,29,87],"an":[22],"ensemble":[23,234],"maps.":[25,43],"One":[26],"approach":[27],"to":[28,31,38,48,63,219],"is":[30,92,100,197],"use":[32],"redistricting":[33,56,113],"policy":[34,158],"as":[35,201],"guide":[37],"precisely":[39],"codify":[40],"preferences":[41,45],"between":[42],"Such":[44],"give":[46],"rise":[47],"probability":[50],"on":[52,146],"space":[54],"plans,":[57],"and":[58,79,188,208],"Metropolis-Hastings":[59],"methods":[60],"allow":[61],"sample":[64],"ensembles":[65],"from":[68,88],"specified":[70],"distribution.":[71],"Although":[72],"these":[73,147,163],"approaches":[74],"have":[75,80],"nice":[76],"theoretical":[77],"properties":[78],"successfully":[81],"detected":[82],"gerrymandering":[83],"in":[84,123,173,181,232],"legal":[85],"settings,":[86],"commonly-used":[89],"policy-driven":[90],"distributions":[91],"often":[93],"computationally":[94],"difficult.":[95],"As":[96],"yet,":[98],"there":[99],"no":[101],"algorithm":[102],"that":[103,141,178],"can":[104],"be":[105],"used":[106],"off-the-shelf":[107],"checking":[109],"under":[111,191],"generic":[112],"criteria.":[114],"In":[115],"this":[116],"work,":[117],"we":[118],"mitigate":[119],"computational":[121],"challenges":[122],"Metropolized-sampling":[125],"technique":[126],"through":[127,165],"parallel":[129],"tempering":[130],"method":[131],"combined":[132],"with":[133],"ReCom[11]":[134],"and,":[135],"first":[138,167],"time,":[139],"validate":[140],"such":[142],"techniques":[143],"are":[144],"effective":[145],"problems":[148],"at":[149],"scale":[151],"statewide":[153],"precinct":[154],"graphs":[155],"more":[157],"informed":[159],"measures.":[160],"We":[161],"develop":[162],"improvements":[164],"case":[168],"study":[169],"plans":[172,231],"Georgia.":[174],"Our":[175],"analysis":[176],"projects":[177],"any":[179],"election":[180],"Georgia":[182],"will":[183,221],"reliably":[184],"elect":[185],"9":[186],"Republicans":[187],"5":[189],"Democrats":[190],"enacted":[193,214],"plan.":[194],"This":[195],"result":[196],"largely":[198],"fixed":[199],"even":[200],"public":[202],"opinion":[203],"shifts":[204],"toward":[205],"either":[206],"party":[207],"outcome":[211],"plan":[215],"does":[216],"not":[217],"respond":[218],"people.":[224],"Only":[225],"0.12%":[226],"\u223c":[229],"160K":[230],"our":[233],"were":[235],"similarly":[236],"non-responsive.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}