{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313547589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551349.3556966","title":"Accelerating OCR-Based Widget Localization for Test Automation of GUI Applications","display_name":"Accelerating OCR-Based Widget Localization for Test Automation of GUI Applications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313547589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551349.3556966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3551349.3556966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551349.3556966","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551349.3556966","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551349.3556966","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018865533","display_name":"Ju Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8028-7213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8028-7213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yingwei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2352-2226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingwei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2352-2226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112114403","display_name":"Chenghao Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenghao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443798","display_name":"Lin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2352-2226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5546,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76789929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8755663633346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laptop","display_name":"Laptop","score":0.7945293188095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.7109960317611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"Graphical user interface","score":0.5673259496688843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5587639212608337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45772963762283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3626195788383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2009446620941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1461944282054901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10341432690620422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8755663633346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780008327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3962","display_name":"Laptop","level":2,"score":0.7945293188095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.7109960317611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.5673259496688843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5587639212608337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45772963762283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3626195788383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2009446620941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1461944282054901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10341432690620422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3551349.3556966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551349.3556966","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551349.3556966","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3551349.3556966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551349.3556966","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551349.3556966","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1637344061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS2021066","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3639745943","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872177","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313547589.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313547589.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539258218","https://openalex.org/W1922126009","https://openalex.org/W1964797636","https://openalex.org/W2017278151","https://openalex.org/W2056766133","https://openalex.org/W2078997308","https://openalex.org/W2125186487","https://openalex.org/W2128854450","https://openalex.org/W2135231474","https://openalex.org/W2137969867","https://openalex.org/W2142159465","https://openalex.org/W2142907989","https://openalex.org/W2143058502","https://openalex.org/W2145020494","https://openalex.org/W2165413788","https://openalex.org/W2241093273","https://openalex.org/W2259111169","https://openalex.org/W2288265821","https://openalex.org/W2290256689","https://openalex.org/W2340583188","https://openalex.org/W2581010780","https://openalex.org/W2605982830","https://openalex.org/W2617813225","https://openalex.org/W2765874585","https://openalex.org/W2767304105","https://openalex.org/W2899070402","https://openalex.org/W2940441413","https://openalex.org/W2967716575","https://openalex.org/W2968973776","https://openalex.org/W2991626090","https://openalex.org/W3000536756","https://openalex.org/W3048516901","https://openalex.org/W3082397598","https://openalex.org/W3089461718","https://openalex.org/W3093605317","https://openalex.org/W3098062821","https://openalex.org/W3100314869","https://openalex.org/W3113538230","https://openalex.org/W3121617129","https://openalex.org/W3134064484","https://openalex.org/W3155438076","https://openalex.org/W3160201490","https://openalex.org/W3160414745","https://openalex.org/W3160987621","https://openalex.org/W3163060204","https://openalex.org/W3181736594","https://openalex.org/W3208740751","https://openalex.org/W3211262047","https://openalex.org/W3211415248","https://openalex.org/W3212533339","https://openalex.org/W4210788642","https://openalex.org/W6958568135"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045444909","https://openalex.org/W3153292769","https://openalex.org/W1516398359","https://openalex.org/W1901656956","https://openalex.org/W4239210160","https://openalex.org/W2941659365","https://openalex.org/W2376300433","https://openalex.org/W2990805456","https://openalex.org/W3165395117","https://openalex.org/W4220907012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"character":[1],"recognition":[2],"(OCR)":[3],"algorithms":[4],"often":[5],"run":[6],"slow.":[7],"They":[8],"may":[9],"take":[10],"several":[11],"seconds":[12,157,191],"to":[13,46,88,113,141,192],"recognize":[14],"the":[15,70,90,100,129,134,152,174,194,198,209,217],"texts":[16,57,73],"on":[17,33,74,118,128,167,179,197],"a":[18,40,75,80,108,119,142,168],"GUI":[19,50,76,148],"screen,":[20],"which":[21,54],"makes":[22],"OCR-based":[23,136,225],"widget":[24,44],"localization":[25,139,153],"in":[26,49,58,212],"test":[27,226],"automation":[28,227],"unfriendly":[29],"for":[30,93,158,223],"use,":[31],"especially":[32],"GPU-free":[34],"computers.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"first":[38],"concludes":[39],"common":[41],"type":[42],"of":[43,72,103,110,162],"text":[45,95,116,138],"be":[47,221],"located":[48],"testing:":[51],"label":[52,94,137],"text,":[53],"are":[55],"short":[56],"widgets":[59],"like":[60],"buttons,":[61],"menu":[62],"items,":[63],"and":[64,78,106,185],"window":[65],"titles.":[66],"We":[67,215],"then":[68],"investigate":[69],"characteristics":[71],"screen":[77,120],"introduce":[79],"fast":[81],"GPU-independent":[82],"Label":[83],"Text":[84],"Screening":[85],"(LTS)":[86],"technique":[87,98],"accelerate":[89],"OCR":[91,104,181],"process":[92],"localization.":[96],"The":[97],"opens":[99],"black":[101],"box":[102],"engines":[105,182],"uses":[107],"combination":[109],"simple":[111],"methods":[112],"avoid":[114],"excessive":[115],"analysis":[117,210],"as":[121,123],"much":[122],"possible.":[124],"Experiments":[125],"show":[126],"that,":[127],"subject":[130],"datasets,":[131],"LTS":[132],"reduces":[133],"average":[135],"time":[140,154,211],"large":[143],"extent.":[144],"On":[145],"4k":[146],"resolution":[147],"screens,":[149],"it":[150],"keeps":[151],"below":[155],"0.5":[156],"over":[159,189],"about":[160],"60%":[161],"cases":[163],"without":[164],"GPU":[165,203],"support":[166],"normal":[169],"laptop":[170],"computer.":[171],"In":[172],"contrast,":[173],"existing":[175],"CPU-based":[176],"approaches":[177],"built":[178],"popular":[180],"Tesseract,":[183],"PaddleOCR,":[184],"EasyOCR":[186],"usually":[187],"need":[188],"2":[190],"achieve":[193],"same":[195,199],"goal":[196],"platform.":[200],"Even":[201],"with":[202],"acceleration,":[204],"they":[205],"can":[206],"hardly":[207],"keep":[208],"1":[213],"second.":[214],"believe":[216],"proposed":[218],"approach":[219],"would":[220],"helpful":[222],"implementing":[224],"tools.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
