{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311806033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550454.3555505","title":"ICARUS","display_name":"ICARUS","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311806033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550454.3555505"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3550454.3555505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550454.3555505","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3550454.3555505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3550454.3555505","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030149715","display_name":"Chaolin Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2172-5361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaolin Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["ShanghaiTech University, China and GGU Technology Co., Ltd., China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ShanghaiTech University, China and GGU Technology Co., Ltd., China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028659004","display_name":"Huangjie Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huangjie Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ShanghaiTech University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018248281","display_name":"Haochuan Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-6325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haochuan Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["ShanghaiTech University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068335994","display_name":"Jindong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8638-2174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jindong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["ShanghaiTech University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101221476","display_name":"Yueyang Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueyang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["ShanghaiTech University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085836060","display_name":"Minye Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8163-9513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minye Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103257197","display_name":"Yu Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4360-2098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["ShanghaiTech University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075572935","display_name":"Anpei Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anpei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["ShanghaiTech University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053754360","display_name":"Binzhe Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0979-624X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binzhe Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["ShanghaiTech University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081772659","display_name":"Pingqiang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9515-9302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pingqiang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["ShanghaiTech University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063714836","display_name":"Xin Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8499-5038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["ShanghaiTech University, China and GGU Technology Co., Ltd., China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ShanghaiTech University, China and GGU Technology Co., Ltd., China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101500646","display_name":"Jingyi Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-6853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ShanghaiTech University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0076,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95181227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7629263401031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.6544684767723083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5518949627876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.4871916174888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.45816120505332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.44344013929367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics-processing-unit","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","score":0.4216441512107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.34640783071517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.32066839933395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.2901029586791992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2218920886516571}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7629263401031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.6544684767723083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5518949627876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.4871916174888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.45816120505332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.44344013929367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183484","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","level":2,"score":0.4216441512107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.34640783071517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.32066839933395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.2901029586791992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2218920886516571}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3550454.3555505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550454.3555505","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3550454.3555505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/716001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/716001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Acm Transactions On Graphics, vol. 41 (6), Art.No. ARTN 234","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3550454.3555505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550454.3555505","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3550454.3555505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311806033.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311806033.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965610455","https://openalex.org/W2000967104","https://openalex.org/W2005032370","https://openalex.org/W2042382407","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2050422177","https://openalex.org/W2059348391","https://openalex.org/W2067523571","https://openalex.org/W2077945322","https://openalex.org/W2084025908","https://openalex.org/W2122572959","https://openalex.org/W2137293535","https://openalex.org/W2142703245","https://openalex.org/W2145178170","https://openalex.org/W2154449573","https://openalex.org/W2164881457","https://openalex.org/W2166314747","https://openalex.org/W2238402354","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2565960208","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2767864757","https://openalex.org/W2773339846","https://openalex.org/W2883403932","https://openalex.org/W2899378420","https://openalex.org/W2899441512","https://openalex.org/W2912031620","https://openalex.org/W2945146780","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963627347","https://openalex.org/W3000296767","https://openalex.org/W3048023699","https://openalex.org/W3109585842","https://openalex.org/W3122589227","https://openalex.org/W4221151978","https://openalex.org/W4237648096","https://openalex.org/W4253012315","https://openalex.org/W4256086569","https://openalex.org/W4283818620","https://openalex.org/W4312969460","https://openalex.org/W6607725495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2047902375","https://openalex.org/W2144964421","https://openalex.org/W2163816448","https://openalex.org/W2116965183","https://openalex.org/W2327123731","https://openalex.org/W2009665355","https://openalex.org/W185782823","https://openalex.org/W2095734710","https://openalex.org/W2142466746","https://openalex.org/W2168586703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,208],"practical":[1],"deployment":[2],"of":[3,67,121,181,214],"Neural":[4],"Radiance":[5],"Fields":[6],"(NeRF)":[7],"in":[8,87],"rendering":[9,21,81],"applications":[10],"faces":[11],"several":[12],"challenges,":[13],"with":[14,212],"the":[15,57,93,117,124,128,149,178],"most":[16,118],"critical":[17],"one":[18],"being":[19],"low":[20],"speed":[22],"on":[23],"even":[24],"high-end":[25],"graphic":[26],"processing":[27,218],"units":[28],"(GPUs).":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31],"paper,":[32],"we":[33,126],"present":[34],"ICARUS,":[35],"a":[36,68,73,79,154,161,182,193],"specialized":[37],"accelerator":[38],"architecture":[39],"tailored":[40],"for":[41,53,103,169],"NeRF":[42,59],"rendering.":[43],"Unlike":[44],"GPUs":[45],"using":[46,61,157,184],"general":[47],"purpose":[48],"computing":[49],"and":[50,78,91,106,112,173,200,216],"memory":[51],"architectures":[52],"NeRF,":[54,122],"ICARUS":[55,156],"executes":[56],"complete":[58],"pipeline":[60],"dedicated":[62],"plenoptic":[63],"cores":[64],"(PLCore)":[65],"consisting":[66],"positional":[69],"encoding":[70],"unit":[71,82,219],"(PEU),":[72],"multi-layer":[74],"perceptron":[75],"(MLP)":[76],"engine,":[77],"volume":[80],"(VRU).":[83],"A":[84],"PLCore":[85,183,195],"takes":[86],"positions":[88],"&":[89],"directions":[90],"renders":[92],"corresponding":[94],"pixel":[95],"colors":[96],"without":[97],"any":[98],"intermediate":[99],"data":[100],"going":[101],"off-chip":[102],"temporary":[104],"storage":[105],"exchange,":[107],"which":[108],"can":[109],"be":[110],"time":[111],"power":[113],"consuming.":[114],"To":[115],"implement":[116],"expensive":[119],"component":[120],"i.e.,":[123],"MLP,":[125],"transform":[127],"fully":[129],"connected":[130],"operations":[131],"to":[132,147,205],"approximated":[133],"reconfigurable":[134],"multiple":[135],"constant":[136],"multiplications":[137,146],"(MCMs),":[138],"where":[139],"common":[140],"subexpressions":[141],"are":[142,210],"shared":[143],"across":[144],"different":[145],"improve":[148],"computation":[150],"efficiency.":[151],"We":[152,176],"build":[153],"prototype":[155],"Synopsys":[158],"HAPS-80":[159],"S104,":[160],"field":[162],"programmable":[163],"gate":[164],"array":[165],"(FPGA)-based":[166],"prototyping":[167],"system":[168],"large-scale":[170],"integrated":[171],"circuits":[172],"systems":[174],"design.":[175],"evaluate":[177],"power-performancearea":[179],"(PPA)":[180],"40nm":[185],"LP":[186],"CMOS":[187],"technology.":[188],"Working":[189],"at":[190],"400":[191],"MHz,":[192],"single":[194],"occupies":[196],"16.5":[197],"mm":[198],"2":[199],"consumes":[201],"282.8":[202],"mW,":[203],"translating":[204],"0.105":[206],"uJ/sample.":[207],"results":[209],"compared":[211],"those":[213],"GPU":[215],"tensor":[217],"(TPU)":[220],"implementations.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2022-12-28T00:00:00"}