{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307534208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561592","title":"Towards automatically extracting UML class diagrams from natural language specifications","display_name":"Towards automatically extracting UML class diagrams from natural language specifications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307534208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3550356.3561592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561592","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.14441","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424897","display_name":"Yang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8665-8820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009574640","display_name":"Houari Sahraoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6304-9926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houari Sahraoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"396","last_page":"403"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-diagram","display_name":"Class diagram","score":0.857586145401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7937973737716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-modeling-language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","score":0.7425354719161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uml-tool","display_name":"UML tool","score":0.7377831935882568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-uml","display_name":"Applications of UML","score":0.7228935360908508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-diagram","display_name":"Communication diagram","score":0.6414859294891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5444523096084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-diagram","display_name":"Activity diagram","score":0.518981397151947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-constraint-language","display_name":"Object Constraint Language","score":0.4948355555534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.44658029079437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-modeling-language","display_name":"Systems Modeling Language","score":0.438295841217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.4226796329021454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.33847934007644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3225972652435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31433555483818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.2326068878173828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202446494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664166","display_name":"Class diagram","level":4,"score":0.857586145401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7937973737716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.7425354719161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146939238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2467310","display_name":"UML tool","level":4,"score":0.7377831935882568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41298492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781506","display_name":"Applications of UML","level":4,"score":0.7228935360908508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48419115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q950859","display_name":"Communication diagram","level":5,"score":0.6414859294891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5444523096084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64219723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423262","display_name":"Activity diagram","level":4,"score":0.518981397151947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133264317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397689","display_name":"Object Constraint Language","level":5,"score":0.4948355555534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.44658029079437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21285288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2117885","display_name":"Systems Modeling Language","level":4,"score":0.438295841217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4226796329021454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.33847934007644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3225972652435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31433555483818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2326068878173828}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3550356.3561592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561592","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2210.14441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.14441","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.14441","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2210.14441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.14441","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.14441","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2146078104","https://openalex.org/W2219225375","https://openalex.org/W2319003849","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3035907598","https://openalex.org/W3125633842","https://openalex.org/W3174574240","https://openalex.org/W4206030968"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294019387","https://openalex.org/W2016512416","https://openalex.org/W2370569616","https://openalex.org/W3133056648","https://openalex.org/W2387087283","https://openalex.org/W3129945372","https://openalex.org/W2139608660","https://openalex.org/W2391803179","https://openalex.org/W2259842142","https://openalex.org/W2515305322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"model-driven":[1],"engineering":[2],"(MDE),":[3],"UML":[4,32,49,85,99,110],"class":[5,33,50,86,100,111],"diagrams":[6,34,51],"serve":[7],"as":[8,123],"a":[9,46,64,104,124],"way":[10],"to":[11,109],"plan":[12],"and":[13,21,52,91,119],"communicate":[14],"between":[15],"developers.":[16],"However,":[17],"it":[18],"is":[19,63],"complex":[20],"resource-consuming.":[22],"We":[23,102],"propose":[24],"an":[25],"automated":[26],"approach":[27,62,115],"for":[28,126],"the":[29,57,70,73,77,80,82,92],"extraction":[30],"of":[31,48,59,66,69,72,79,84,94],"from":[35,89],"natural":[36],"language":[37],"software":[38],"specifications.":[39],"To":[40],"develop":[41,103],"our":[42],"approach,":[43],"we":[44],"create":[45],"dataset":[47],"their":[53],"English":[54],"specifications":[55],"with":[56],"help":[58],"volunteers.":[60],"Our":[61,114],"pipeline":[65],"steps":[67],"consisting":[68],"segmentation":[71],"input":[74],"into":[75,97],"sentences,":[76,81,90],"classification":[78],"generation":[83],"diagram":[87,112],"fragments":[88,96],"composition":[93],"these":[95],"one":[98],"diagram.":[101],"quantitative":[105],"testing":[106],"framework":[107],"specific":[108],"extraction.":[113],"yields":[116],"low":[117],"precision":[118],"recall":[120],"but":[121],"serves":[122],"benchmark":[125],"future":[127],"research.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
