{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308623390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561589","title":"Reliable counterparts","display_name":"Reliable counterparts","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308623390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561589"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3550356.3561589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561589","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083022961","display_name":"Richard Somers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-9722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard J. Somers","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059699673","display_name":"Andrew G. Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6830-0566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew G. Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034625397","display_name":"Neil Walkinshaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2134-6548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Walkinshaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009644797","display_name":"Robert M. Hierons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4771-1446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert M. Hierons","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083022961"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9085,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72691735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"468","last_page":"472"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7529704570770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testability","display_name":"Testability","score":0.6298337578773499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.5932804346084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5591240525245667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.5130135416984558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-conditional","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","score":0.4954873323440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4931411147117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.456204891204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.41888028383255005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38948214054107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.24977520108222961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.15417292714118958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12632521986961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09848710894584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.09758689999580383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09720280766487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.08963349461555481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7529704570770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51234621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2149495","display_name":"Testability","level":2,"score":0.6298337578773499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.5932804346084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5591240525245667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.5130135416984558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71889745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783264","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","level":3,"score":0.4954873323440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4931411147117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.456204891204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41888028383255005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38948214054107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.24977520108222961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.15417292714118958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12632521986961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09848710894584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.09758689999580383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09720280766487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.08963349461555481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3550356.3561589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561589","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:190678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Proceedings Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2584656196","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/T030526/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W636689674","https://openalex.org/W2000967095","https://openalex.org/W2041671556","https://openalex.org/W2049910836","https://openalex.org/W2087168709","https://openalex.org/W2143117649","https://openalex.org/W2145064897","https://openalex.org/W2884491754","https://openalex.org/W2904138018","https://openalex.org/W2982936646","https://openalex.org/W3013932226","https://openalex.org/W3095633647","https://openalex.org/W4233529227","https://openalex.org/W4289154119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383579238","https://openalex.org/W1547624382","https://openalex.org/W4320159092","https://openalex.org/W52128503","https://openalex.org/W3215034539","https://openalex.org/W4256491081","https://openalex.org/W4313422683","https://openalex.org/W4238563872","https://openalex.org/W4282978140","https://openalex.org/W2574301230"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"lack":[1],"of":[2,4,19,41,55,76,83],"testability":[3],"digital":[5,56],"twins":[6,57],"poses":[7],"several":[8],"difficulties":[9],"when":[10,142],"developing":[11],"reliable":[12],"systems.":[13],"Intricate":[14],"models":[15],"complicate":[16],"the":[17,39,74,106,140],"definition":[18],"comprehensive":[20],"testing":[21,45],"criteria,":[22],"and":[23,46,100,139],"physical":[24],"couplings":[25],"make":[26],"obtaining":[27],"test":[28],"data":[29,71],"an":[30,69],"arduous":[31],"task.":[32],"To":[33],"alleviate":[34],"these":[35],"challenges,":[36],"we":[37,135],"explore":[38,79,136],"use":[40,75],"causal":[42,62,95,121],"inference":[43],"based":[44],"propose":[47],"a":[48,80,84,98,103,119,132],"technique":[49,91,113,129],"to":[50,58,87,118],"allow":[51],"for":[52],"correct":[53],"behaviour":[54,117],"be":[59],"captured":[60],"in":[61,97,105],"diagrams,":[63],"which":[64,108],"are":[65],"then":[66],"tested":[67],"with":[68,131],"efficient":[70],"set":[72],"through":[73],"counterfactuals.":[77],"We":[78],"motivating":[81],"example":[82],"robotic":[85],"arm":[86],"show":[88],"how":[89],"this":[90,115,128],"can":[92],"confirm":[93],"known":[94],"relationships":[96],"system,":[99],"even":[101],"uncover":[102],"fault":[104],"system":[107],"caused":[109],"dangerous":[110],"behaviour.":[111],"Our":[112],"localised":[114],"erroneous":[116],"single":[120],"relationship":[122],"between":[123],"two":[124],"variables.":[125],"Having":[126],"shown":[127],"works":[130],"case":[133],"study,":[134],"its":[137],"limitations":[138],"challenges":[141],"approaching":[143],"other":[144],"industrial":[145],"applications.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
