{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308627757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561563","title":"Classifying changes to models via changeset metrics","display_name":"Classifying changes to models via changeset metrics","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308627757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3550356.3561563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561563","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024109674","display_name":"Saheed Popoola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9602-6322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saheed Popoola","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445703","display_name":"Xin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-5858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seattle University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seattle University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014568612","display_name":"Jeff Gray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0082-6753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Gray","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036737966","display_name":"Antonio Garc\u00eda\u2010Dom\u00ednguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4744-9150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Garcia-Dominguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York, York, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024109674"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2126,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84056833,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"276","last_page":"285"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8197295069694519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.7246242761611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7207768559455872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.634585976600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.632340669631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5790826678276062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.458281934261322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4345264434814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.14777341485023499}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8197295069694519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7246242761611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7207768559455872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.634585976600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.632340669631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5790826678276062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.458281934261322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4345264434814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.14777341485023499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3550356.3561563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3561563","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504694836","https://openalex.org/W1555243480","https://openalex.org/W1679846099","https://openalex.org/W1982871693","https://openalex.org/W2002045687","https://openalex.org/W2007705030","https://openalex.org/W2020574509","https://openalex.org/W2034415234","https://openalex.org/W2061700777","https://openalex.org/W2096450604","https://openalex.org/W2097625504","https://openalex.org/W2110721935","https://openalex.org/W2129756149","https://openalex.org/W2132166479","https://openalex.org/W2136068442","https://openalex.org/W2146648240","https://openalex.org/W2150198410","https://openalex.org/W2150874999","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2153704407","https://openalex.org/W2478191067","https://openalex.org/W2498276117","https://openalex.org/W2611081592","https://openalex.org/W2615940052","https://openalex.org/W2738866524","https://openalex.org/W2765391835","https://openalex.org/W2788770187","https://openalex.org/W2794849388","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2943600473","https://openalex.org/W2969937722","https://openalex.org/W2973515223","https://openalex.org/W2990973475","https://openalex.org/W4231010819"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367365664","https://openalex.org/W4385326140","https://openalex.org/W4293227618","https://openalex.org/W2136634148","https://openalex.org/W3122851392","https://openalex.org/W3122800671","https://openalex.org/W4250708772","https://openalex.org/W4288862737","https://openalex.org/W4394984040","https://openalex.org/W2889302474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"classification":[1,49,180],"of":[2,19,32,37,47,71,82,94,134,143,195,201,257],"software":[3],"changes":[4,33,123,151,265],"can":[5],"help":[6],"to":[7,106,121,124,150,153,167,252,263],"understand":[8],"the":[9,17,38,59,92,95,103,127,140,169,173,178,192,202,206,211,230,233,246,267,272],"reason":[10],"why":[11],"a":[12,108,111,132,237],"change":[13,48,60,62,64,179],"was":[14],"made,":[15],"guide":[16],"adoption":[18],"quality":[20],"control":[21],"practices":[22],"as":[23],"bugfix":[24],"trends":[25],"are":[26,85,137],"observed,":[27],"and":[28,155],"cluster":[29],"related":[30,149],"sets":[31],"for":[34,176],"similar":[35,238],"management":[36],"changed":[39,67],"artifacts,":[40],"thereby":[41,259],"reducing":[42],"maintenance":[43,129],"efforts.":[44],"A":[45],"number":[46],"techniques":[50],"have":[51,74],"been":[52,220],"developed":[53,146],"based":[54],"on":[55,102,186],"information":[56],"extracted":[57,138,190,228],"from":[58,139,191,229],"author,":[61],"message,":[63],"size,":[65],"or":[66],"file.":[68],"However,":[69],"most":[70],"these":[72,83],"approaches":[73,84],"targeted":[75],"textual":[76],"general-purpose":[77],"programming":[78],"languages.":[79],"Furthermore,":[80],"some":[81],"computationally":[86],"expensive":[87],"because":[88],"they":[89],"often":[90],"require":[91],"analysis":[93],"whole":[96],"source":[97],"code,":[98],"while":[99],"others":[100],"rely":[101],"developers'":[104],"ability":[105,262],"describe":[107],"commit":[109],"via":[110,131],"well-written":[112],"message.":[113],"In":[114],"this":[115],"paper,":[116],"we":[117],"present":[118],"an":[119,161,254],"approach":[120],"classify":[122,264],"models":[125,154],"into":[126,266],"appropriate":[128,268],"type":[130],"set":[133],"metrics":[135,148],"that":[136,171,205,245],"version":[141,193],"history":[142,194],"models.":[144],"We":[145,158],"seven":[147],"applied":[152],"model":[156],"elements.":[157],"then":[159],"conducted":[160],"empirical":[162],"study":[163,203],"involving":[164],"10":[165],"classifiers":[166,183],"determine":[168],"classifier":[170,209,217,249],"offers":[172,210],"best":[174,212],"performance":[175],"automating":[177],"process.":[181],"These":[182],"were":[184],"trained":[185],"over":[187],"300":[188],"changesets":[189],"28":[196],"Simulink":[197],"repositories.":[198],"The":[199,214,241],"results":[200,225,243],"show":[204,244],"Random":[207,215,247],"Forest":[208,216,248],"performance.":[213],"has":[218],"also":[219],"evaluated":[221],"by":[222,271],"comparing":[223],"its":[224,261],"with":[226],"labels":[227],"discussions":[231],"within":[232],"issues":[234],"reported":[235],"in":[236],"time":[239],"frame.":[240],"evaluation":[242],"is":[250],"able":[251],"achieve":[253],"F-1":[255],"score":[256],"0.83,":[258],"showing":[260],"categories":[269],"intended":[270],"original":[273],"developers.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
