{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308642081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3560660","title":"SPECPATCH","display_name":"SPECPATCH","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308642081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3560660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3548606.3560660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3560660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608815","display_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035545617","display_name":"Hanqing Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3779-4679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hanqing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039317227","display_name":"Y. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2062-9013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanda Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085356579","display_name":"Nikolay Ivanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2325-2847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolay Ivanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100630881","display_name":"Li Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2861-8438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042277127","display_name":"Qiben Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6272-7668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiben Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035545617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2867,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90255333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1353","last_page":"1366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8066049814224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.780852198600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7190669775009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notice","display_name":"Notice","score":0.47455936670303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.46652114391326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4573724567890167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4482470154762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.43030843138694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartwatch","display_name":"Smartwatch","score":0.41748160123825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2422686517238617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.11302942037582397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8066049814224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.780852198600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7190669775009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779913896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063001","display_name":"Notice","level":2,"score":0.47455936670303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.46652114391326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4573724567890167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4482470154762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.43030843138694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29794715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5362345","display_name":"Smartwatch","level":3,"score":0.41748160123825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2422686517238617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.11302942037582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3548606.3560660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3560660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608815","display_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3160588284","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1950171, CNS-2226888, CCF-2007159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W1530136128","https://openalex.org/W1974387177","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2193413348","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2769205094","https://openalex.org/W2899534962","https://openalex.org/W2916979304","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964301649","https://openalex.org/W2973252307","https://openalex.org/W3006816054","https://openalex.org/W3007679772","https://openalex.org/W3007913795","https://openalex.org/W3015625436","https://openalex.org/W3109668151","https://openalex.org/W3110715780","https://openalex.org/W3153453329","https://openalex.org/W3156272176","https://openalex.org/W3207651366","https://openalex.org/W3212077589","https://openalex.org/W4300824008","https://openalex.org/W6713134421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4235505747","https://openalex.org/W2509150193","https://openalex.org/W2399063318","https://openalex.org/W1011691107","https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W2096760943","https://openalex.org/W2953621231","https://openalex.org/W2128428210","https://openalex.org/W2768740781","https://openalex.org/W2342865424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,145,207,223],"propose":[4],"SpecPatch,":[5,147],"a":[6,46,81,148,154],"human-in-the":[7],"loop":[8],"adversarial":[9,20,29,40,94,125,135],"audio":[10,19,126,156],"attack":[11,48,136,151,162,200,210,217,227],"on":[12],"automated":[13],"speech":[14],"recognition":[15],"(ASR)":[16],"systems.":[17,178],"Existing":[18],"attacker":[21],"assumes":[22],"that":[23,152,225],"the":[24,28,34,38,50,76,88,93,104,109,114,118,122,131,139,171,174,181,193,204,209,214],"users":[25,51],"cannot":[26],"notice":[27],"audios,":[30],"and":[31,96,121,133,137,164,176,188,191,235],"hence":[32],"allows":[33],"successful":[35],"delivery":[36,123],"of":[37,52,124,142,195,216],"crafted":[39],"examples":[41],"or":[42],"perturbations.":[43],"However,":[44],"in":[45,113,232],"practical":[47,149],"scenario,":[49],"intelligent":[53],"voice-controlled":[54],"systems":[55],"(e.g.,":[56],"smartwatches,":[57],"smart":[58],"speakers,":[59],"smartphones)":[60],"have":[61],"constant":[62],"vigilance":[63],"for":[64],"suspicious":[65,82],"voice,":[66],"especially":[67],"when":[68,117],"they":[69,84],"are":[70],"delivering":[71],"their":[72],"voice":[73,100,150],"commands.":[74],"Once":[75],"user":[77,143,175,239],"is":[78],"alerted":[79],"by":[80,91,220],"audio,":[83],"intend":[85],"to":[86,102,159,168,197],"correct":[87],"falsely-recognized":[89],"commands":[90,101],"interrupting":[92],"audios":[95],"giving":[97],"more":[98],"powerful":[99],"overshadow":[103],"malicious":[105],"voice.":[106],"This":[107],"makes":[108],"existing":[110,205],"attacks":[111],"ineffective":[112],"typical":[115],"scenario":[116],"user's":[119],"interaction":[120],"coincide.":[127],"To":[128],"truly":[129],"enable":[130],"imperceptible":[132],"robust":[134],"handle":[138],"possible":[140],"arrival":[141],"interruption,":[144],"design":[146],"uses":[153],"sub-second":[155],"patch":[157],"signal":[158],"deliver":[160],"an":[161],"command":[163],"utilize":[165],"periodical":[166],"noises":[167],"break":[169],"down":[170],"communication":[172],"between":[173],"ASR":[177],"We":[179],"analyze":[180],"CTC":[182,196],"(Connectionist":[183],"Temporal":[184],"Classification)":[185],"loss":[186],"forwarding":[187],"backwarding":[189],"process":[190],"exploit":[192],"weakness":[194],"achieve":[198],"our":[199,226],"goal.":[201],"Compared":[202],"with":[203],"attacks,":[206],"extend":[208],"impact":[211],"length":[212,215],"(i.e.,":[213],"target":[218],"command)":[219],"287%.":[221],"Furthermore,":[222],"show":[224],"achieves":[228],"100%":[229],"success":[230],"rate":[231],"both":[233],"over-the-line":[234],"over-the-air":[236],"scenarios":[237],"amid":[238],"intervention.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-11-13T00:00:00"}